Sustainable aquaculture practices in Cambodia

Abstract

Cambodia's aquaculture sector plays a vital role in food security, rural livelihoods, and economic development. It contributes significantly to the national GDP and supplies approximately 75% of the animal protein consumed by Cambodians. Historically reliant on wild fisheries, Cambodia has undergone rapid growth in aquaculture, with production increasing from 143,000 tonnes in 2015 to 320,280 tonnes in 2024. This expansion is driven by rising demand and strong government support under the Rectangular Strategy Phase IV. The sector includes inland aquaculture systems (pond, cage, and rice-fish) and emerging mariculture activities (sea cage and shellfish farming). Key species in inland aquaculture include Pangasius catfish, snakeheads, tilapia, and carps, while mariculture focuses on high-value species like groupers and sea bass. Despite its rapid growth, the aquaculture sector faces challenges such as high feed costs (comprising 50–70 % of production expenses), environmental degradation, limited technical knowledge, and regulatory gaps. The reliance on imported feed and pollution from intensive farming are critical concerns. However, opportunities lie in sustainable mariculture expansion, use of alternative protein sources, and investments to improve infrastructure. Strengthening research, capacity building, and policy frameworks is essential for long-term sustainability. With strategic investments and adoption of best practices, Cambodia’s aquaculture sector can improve productivity, enhance rural development, and strengthen its competitiveness in regional markets.