Propagation techniques for economically important seaweeds: Current practices, challenges, and future directions

Abstract

The large-scale cultivation of economically important seaweeds depends on the development of reliable and efficient propagation techniques that ensure a continuous, sustainable supply of seedlings for farming. Propagation is the foundation of seaweed aquaculture, linking the availability of natural stocks to the increasing demand for raw materials across industries. The advancement of propagation methods—whether through vegetative cuttings, tissue culture, or spore-based hatchery systems—has been vital in supporting the commercial success of many seaweed species. Despite this progress, optimizing and standardizing species-specific propagation protocols remains a challenge for further growth. Differences in reproductive biology, environmental conditions, and physiological responses among species make it difficult to create unified propagation models. This chapter reviews the commercial practices and development of propagation techniques across three main seaweed groups, emphasizing their advantages and limitations. It also discusses emerging biotechnological innovations that show great potential for improving seed stock quality and advancing large-scale commercial seaweed cultivation.