Aquaculture Extension Manual No. 41 July 2008 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) Eliseo B. Coniza Mae R. Catacutan Josefa D. Tan-Fermin Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center AQUACULTURE DEPARTMENT www.seafdec.org.ph Aquaculture Extension Manual No. 41 July 2008 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) Eliseo B. Coniza Mae R. Catacutan Josefa D. Tan-Fermin Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center AQUAwCwUwLT.sUeaRfEdeDcE.oPArgR.pThMENT Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) July 2008 ISBN 978-971-8511-87-9 Published and printed by: Aquaculture Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines Copyright © 2008 Aquaculture Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher For comments and inquiries: Tel Fax Email AQD website SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021, Philippines (63-33) 511 9172, 336 2965 (63-33) 511 8709 aqdchief@seafdec.org.ph bookstore@seafdec.org.ph http://www.seafdec.org.ph FOREWORD Catfish is one of the most important freshwater food fishes in Southeast Asia. Along with freshwater prawn and tilapia, catfish is a viable animal protein source among people in landlocked areas. In 2006, a total of 2,370 metric tons have been produced in the Philippines. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department’s work on catfish includes refining technologies in aspects ranging from hatchery and broodstock development up to the grow-out phase, including the development of feed formulation optimal to catfish growth and survival. This manual intends to provide necessary information to fish farmers interested in growing catfish. Furthermore, we hope that other stakeholders, including researchers, extension workers, fisheries technicians and members of the academe could find the information contained in this manual beneficial in their endeavors. Let us join hands to further the aquaculture industry. Joebert D. Toledo, D. Agr. Chief SEAFDEC/AQD CONTENTS Foreword iii Introduction 1 Site selection 2 Water supply 2 Soil 2 Availability of fingerlings 2 Labor, feeds and other supplies 3 Proximity to markets and roads 3 Peace and order 3 Rearing systems 3 Pond 3 Pen 5 Tank 5 Cage 6 Rice-fish culture 7 Factors to consider 8 Fingerling selection 8 Handling and transport of fingerlings 8 Acclimation and stocking 9 Feeds and feeding 9 Sampling 11 Water management 11 Farm records 12 Harvest and marketing 12 Disease management 13 Disease signs 13 Bacteria 13 Parasites 14 Fungi 14 Nutrition 14 Environment 14 Disease prevention 15 Economic analysis 16 References and recommended readings, other catfish papers by SEAFDEC/AQD 23, 24 About the authors 25 Acknowledgment 26 INTRODUCTION Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther), commonly known as the Asian or walking catfish, belongs to the family Clariidae and could be found in freshwater habitats such as swamps, streams, rivers, lakes, dams and canals. It is a highly valued food fish in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines because of its tender and delicious meat. They are so called catfishes because they possess whiskerlike structures near their mouth called barbels. The fish has arborescent organs next to its gills for breathing atmospheric air which enables it to stay longer out of the water. The fish can tolerate crowding and could be cultured at high stocking densities and requires a smaller area for farming. C. macrocephalus constitutes a valuable fishery for small scale fishers in the region. In the Philippines, catfish is locally known as hito to Tagalogs, paltat to Ilocanos, pantat to Cebuanos and Ilonggos, and ito to Pampangeños. However, its natural population is fast disappearing probably due to overfishing, long dry seasons, loss of breeding habitats or pesticide poisoning. To revive the species, breeding, hatchery and nursery techniques have been developed and refined at the Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC/AQD). In support to the young and growing catfish industry, C. macroceplus grow-out culture techniques have also been developed at SEAFDEC, and some common practices will be discussed in this manual. Characteristics Catfish has a grayish black color. There are ten vertical stripes of white spots on the abdomen. The occipital process of the head has a round lobe. The fish feeds at the bottom but it can be trained to take food at the surface with formulated diet, trash fish, chicken entrails, kitchen refuse, worms, stale bread, etc. Under culture conditions, C. macrocephalus with an initial size of 3-5 grams can reach 80-150 grams in about 3-5 months at a stocking density of 10 fish/m2. The female matures at the age of 6 to 8 months. Catfish is also called ‘walking catfish’ because it uses its pectoral spines for crawling. Figure 1. The Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus SITE SELECTION Water supply There should be clean, sufficient and reliable water. Water replenishment could be done whenever needed Figure 2. Considerations for site selection (top to bottom): water supply, soil, and fingerling source (e.g., disease outbreaks or nutrient overloading) to maintain good water quality and depth in ponds. The area should have complete protection against floods and free from agricultural, industrial and domestic pollution. Sources of water may come from streams, springs, irrigation canals, dams, etc. These sources may contain competing, miscellaneous species. In contrast, well water is free from unwanted species. It is more advantageous for the water source to move through the pond by gravity without energy input. Soil Preferable types are clay, sandy clay and clay loam. Soil must have good compaction during dike construction and should hold or retain water inside the pond. Sandy, porous or loamy types are not recommended. Areas with trees and rocks will cause a lot of problems like seepage and leakages. Soil with pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.5 is deemed ideal. Availability of fingerlings and technology The presence of a hatchery and nursery for sufficient supply of catfish fingerlings within the locality is recommended. Available technology information and government extension services are also very helpful. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 3 Labor, feeds and other supplies For a small or backyard farm, family labor is enough, but in a large commercially-operated farm, available and skilled labor could be hired. Feeds, manure, lime and other supplies must be readily available for purchase. Proximity to markets and roads The site must be accessible by road and near the prospective buyers. Harvested fish could easily be disposed partially or in volume in the area. Peace and order A peaceful and orderly environment is important. The farm should not have problems with stealing or poaching of cultured stocks. REARING SYSTEMS Pond culture Culture in earthen ponds is the most popular and common practice in rearing catfish. It is a land-based body of water enclosed in earthen or concrete dikes. Pond area ranges from 50 to 3,000 m2 and about 0.7-2.0 m deep. It is provided with gates made of wood, cement or pipes. Figure 3. Catfish pond culture The pond bottom has a central canal with the elevation sloping toward the gate. The inner side of the dikes must be firm to prevent catfish from burrowing through and escaping. Give careful attention to pond size and design in constructing a pond. Small ponds are manageable, but cost more to construct. Ponds with larger areas can support higher biomass and feed, but have higher water requirements. Lower stocking density is advisable in large ponds. Provide grass cover on dikes to avoid muddy runoff during rainy season. 4 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Figure 4. (Clockwise from top left): Pond draining and levelling, repair of gates and dikes, eradication of pests, and liming To prepare the pond: 1 Drain, level, soil-seal gates and dry pond bottom (2-3 weeks) 2 Repair gates and screens, dike leaks and seepages 3 Eradicate unwanted species using lime and 21-0-0 (5:1 ratio) 4 Install fence (20-30 cm high) made of old nets along the perimeter dike 5 Apply lime at 500-1,000 kg/ha 6 Apply cow or chicken manure at 500-1,000 kg/ha (tea bags) 7 Let water in initially at 10-20 cm depth (settle for 7 days) 8 Apply a mixture of the inorganic fertilizers ammonium phosphate (16-20-0 at 50 kg/ha) and urea (45-0-0 at 25 kg/ha) 9 Increase water depth to 50-60 cm. Plant swamp cabbage or kangkong (Epomea aquatica) and/or water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) to serve as shelter, and maintain or reduce growth to occupy only 1020% of the area so as not to obstruct feeding activities during culture 10 Replenish 20-30% of water and stock the fish Pond preparation is done to: ■■ Enhance the decomposition of organic matter and other toxic gases and compounds in the pond soil ■■ Get rid of predators and other unwanted species ■■ Prevent entrance of predators and escape of stocks ■■ Disinfect the pond, break the life cycle of disease-causing agents and neutralize soil pH ■■ Prevent water quality and disease problems ■■ Grow natural food organisms and fish shelter SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 5 Pen culture Pen culture is a system fully enclosed by nets on all sides but utilizes the dug-out pond, dam or lake bed as bottom enclosure. Bottom with too much silt and decaying organic matter should be avoided. Pen enclosures could be made of nylon B-net or poly green net 2-5 mm mesh size. These are usually supported by fixed wooden or bamboo poles staked in mud at 15-30 cm depth or more, depending on the substratum. Pens may be constructed 5 x 5 x 2 m or 10 x 10 x 2 m depending on the desired size. Place swamp cabbage or water hyacinth as fish shelter. Figure 5. Pen culture Tank culture Tanks that are not utilized or abandoned in old hatcheries can be used for culturing catfish. Freshwater source must be available when needed. Place soil (sandy clay, clay or clay loam) as substrates 4 inches thick in the tank bottom and compact firmly. Wash the tank soil substrates, slowly drain, then dry. Apply lime 100 g/m2 to disinfect and neutralize soil pH. After 2 weeks, fill with water 1-1.5 m deep depending on tank capacity. Place cow manure 10-20 kg/m3 in tea bags to fertilize and grow natural food organisms. Follow up application of inorganic fertilizer (10-20 ppm) with a mixture of urea and 16-20-0 (1:2 ratio). When water color turns light green or light brown in color, remove the manure bags and re-use later. 6 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Stock catfish fingerlings 10-30 pcs/m3 depending on water supply and support facilities (aeration or flow-through faucet). Catfish reach 80-110 g in 6 months with a survival rate of 80-100%. Growth and survival depends on the size and quality of fingerlings used. Figure 6. Tank culture Cage culture A cage culture system is fully enclosed by nylon nets (2-5 mm mesh) on all sides and bottom similar to a bag or inverted mosquito net, supported either by ropes tied in the four corners to posts staked in the pond bottom or by rigid frames with floats. The cage is submerged and maintained at 0.7 to 1.5 m water depth in suitable areas like reservoirs, dams, lakes and dug-out ponds. Cage sizes may vary from 2 x 2 x 1.5 m to 10 x 10 x 1.5 m. Cages can be easily transferred or moved from one area to another. Figure 7. Cage culture SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 7 Culture of catfish (10-100 pcs/m2) in cages installed in ponds can be integrated with sex-reversed tilapia (2-3 pcs/m2) stocked outside the cages. Stocking density depends on the water supply and support facilities. Tilapia will be dependent on the natural food partly fertilized by catfish waste. Brush the cages monthly to remove biofouling or algal growth. Rice-fish culture Rice-catfish farming is practiced in India, China and other Asian countries where fish and rice are the staple food. In recent years, the cultivation of high-yielding varieties of rice involving the use of pesticides has affected fish culture in paddy farms. Some farmers have attained success by using integrated pest management practices. The paddy plot or rice pond can be renovated by excavating canals, pools or trenches to retain water, which will provide shelter to fish during hot periods or summer months. The canal may be constructed on two sides around or along the dikes, occupying about 30-40% of the area. The canal has a trapezoidal shape with a top width of 8 m, base width of 4 m, and during culture, a full canal depth of 1-2 m. The water depth on a rice paddy plot can be maintained at 10-20 cm depth. The rice paddy plots have a side sloping towards the canal or trench where the soil is compacted to make the bank strong. Dikes are utilized for growing vegetables and fruit trees. Tilapia may be cultured together with catfish in rice paddies. Figure 8. Rice-fish culture FACTORS TO CONSIDER Fingerling selection Figure 9. (From top) Fingerling selection, handling and transport of Select fingerlings that are healthy, fingerlings free from disease and swim actively in groups. Avoid fingerlings with skin lesions, pale, thin, weak, swollen or discolored gills, tail rots, rotten barbels and abnormal swimming behavior. These fingerling conditions are associated with disease, handling or stress-related problems. Bigger (average body weight of 3-5 grams) and uniform-sized fingerlings usually result to higher survival and shorter culture period. Handling and transport of fingerlings Do not feed fingerlings 24 hours prior to transport to allow them to rest and defecate. Before stocking the fingerlings, it is recommended that they are treated with 100 ppm formalin for 5-10 minutes or dipped in 20-30 ppt saltwater for 30 seconds to rid them of parasites. Handle fish carefully during harvest, sorting and counting. Remove dirt and feces before packing. Pack the fingerlings (300-500 pcs/bag) in double-lined plastic bags (20 x 30 in) with 8-10 liters of water with oxygen. Tie bags with rubber band. Before transporting over long distances, lower the temperature to about 20-23°C by placing 200-250 g ice surrounding the transport bags inside the styrofoam box. In plane transport, plastic bags will be further packed in styrofoam boxes and then packed again in bigger plastic bags as required by the airlines. Transport early in the morning or late in the afternoon. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 9 Acclimation and stocking Replenish 30-50% of the pond water before stocking to an initial depth of 50-60 cm. Increase water depth as the fish grow bigger. Figure 10. Acclimation of fingerlings Upon arrival, acclimatize the fingerlings by letting the plastic bags float for 10-20 minutes in pond water to allow the fish to rest and even out the temperature of the water in the plastic bags and pond. A temperature difference of 2°C or more is very stressful to catfish and leads to disease problems. Open the bags and slowly splash a small amount of pond water with an interval of 3-5 minutes for 20-30 minutes to let the fish gradually adjust to its new environment. Avoid releasing the fish from midnight until very early morning when dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are lowest. Start feeding the next day after stocking. Stocking density ranges from 5 to 20 pcs/m2 depending on water supply, availability of fingerlings and support facilities of the farm. If the fish farmer has several ponds, staggered stocking is recommended at an interval of 1530 days to program water management and harvesting. Fingerlings from different holding tanks usually have different body color depending on their environment. Avoid stocking fingerlings of different sizes and color at the same time to prevent occurrence of aggressive biting between stocks. Feeds and feeding Catfish are carnivorous and need a substantial amount of protein for growth. As they grow bigger, they feed on worms, insects, crustaceans, other benthic organisms, decaying protein food and organic matter on the pond bottom. In culture, catfish can feed on trash fish or chicken entrails mixed with rice bran or boiled broken rice, kitchen refuse, by-products of canning factories, and formulated diets. Stale bread can be fed to catfish, too. Install light at night to attract insects which drop inside the pond to serve as additional food. Figure 11. Feeding of catfish 10 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Trash fish or blanched chicken entrails are finely chopped and mixed with 10% rice bran during the first 2 months of culture, and increased to 20% from the third month until harvest. One part of cooked broken rice may be added. These combined ingredients must be mixed or ground to form a sticky paste. Feed is given twice daily (7 AM and 5 PM) by forming the paste into small balls and given based on the feed ration or until the fish is satiated. The feeding rate of moist diet is 10% of the biomass in the first 2 months and reduced to 8% from the third month of culture until harvest. Problems of using this type of feed include fouling, limited supply and storage. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranges from 5 to 6. A formulated diet with an estimated crude protein of 34% is desirable for catfish grow-out. Feed is given in crumble form for the first two months, and in pellets (2.5 mm diameter) in the third month until harvest. Feed conversion ratio using formulated feeds ranges from 1.8 to 2.3. Feed catfish at the same place and time daily. Check the response of the fish by throwing out a small amount of feed. If there is no response, stop feeding and check for problems. These could include oxygen deficiency, water fouling, Table 1. Amount of feed to be given to catfish at different times after stocking Month 1 2 3 4 5 Amount of feed (% of total biomass) 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 Table 2. Tested formulated diet for C. macrocephalus with initial mean body weight of 3.6 g and about 109 g after 120 days of culture* Composition Chilean meal Defatted soybean meal Bread flour Soybean oil Mineral mix** V-22** Dicalcium phosphate Rice bran Total % 20 30 9 5 1 1 3 31 100 *Estimated nutrient content (dry matter basis) : crude protein 34%, crude fat 9.5%, crude fiber 4%, crude ash 14.2%, and nitrogen-free extract or digestible carbohydrate 36% **Commercial pre-mix SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 11 undesirable species or predators (snakes, frogs, lizards), muddy water, temperature fluctuation or diseases. Overfeeding should be avoided to prevent water pollution, increased incidence of diseases, fish mortality and higher production costs. Sampling Sampling serves as the basis in adjusting the daily feed ration, checking fish health condition, and predicting the harvest schedule. Figure 12. Catfish sampling Before sampling, prepare all the needed materials like weighing scale, pails, scoop nets, basins, seine net, etc. Conduct sampling during the cooler part of the day, preferably in conjunction with the schedule of water replenishment. The lower water depth will make it easy to seine or catch samples. Sample fish before feeding. Weigh 30-50 catfish at once and get the average body weight by computing the total weight divided by the number of pieces sampled. Conduct sampling once or twice monthly. Frequent sampling will disturb the environment and feeding response of the fish. Water management During the first month of culture, water quality is not much of a problem. Change about 30 to 50% of the water volume once a week. As the fish grows bigger, daily feed requirement increases and problems occur due to high organic load. Water replenishment will be done twice a week at about 50-70% of the volume from the third month of culture until harvest. Figure 13. Obtaining water parameters 12 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Farm records Recording all farm activities in a logbook is very important. Similarly, data monitoring per pond should be kept in separate folders. Data pertaining to expenses should be kept for future economic evaluation of farming operations. Table 3. Farm records data Technical data pond number and area, species stocked, total stock, date of stocking, sampling or harvest, source of stock, initial average weight, stocking density, kind of feed, feeding time, feed rate, fish sampling, soil and water parameters, kind and dosages of fertilizers, water management, disease problems and prevention Harvest data survival rate, final average weight, production, feed conversion ratio (FCR), price per kilo Expenses pond inputs and their corresponding unit and total costs, transportation, electricity, harvesting, rental, taxes, hired labor and other related expenses Harvest and marketing Prior to harvest, collect, cook and eat catfish for taste test samples for offflavor. If off-flavor is detected, delay harvest and determine the cause. Replenish 60-80% of pond water for 2-3 days. Hold harvested fish in vats or tanks with running water for a few days. Harvest catfish when they reach 80-200 grams after 4-6 months culture. Do not feed the fish prior to harvest to empty their stomach content. Catfish are harvested and marketed live. Drain 50% of the pond water and harvest the fish using seine net (1 cm mesh, 2.5-3 m wide, 10-15 m long or depending on the width of the pond). Totally drain the pond and scoop the remaining fish that concentrate in the drain canal and harvesting pit. If the pond cannot be totally drained, use a water pump. Harvest fish in cages by Figure 14. Harvest and marketing of catfish SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 13 lifting the net, scooping and hauling the fish. Harvest catfish in tanks by total draining. Transport live fish in tin cans, styrofoam boxes, plastic containers with water, or in double-lined plastic bags with oxygen. Do not keep them long in holding tanks or containers; doing so could result to reduced weight and lower market price. Catfish are marketed live on a retail basis, wherein fish are stocked in holding boxes and displayed along highways accessible to consumers. Fish can also be sold to restaurants, supermarkets or during public market days. Selling on a wholesale basis is done through cooperatives but commands lower prices compared to retail. In some instances, catfish are sold to sports fishing resorts. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Diseases usually result from poor water quality and stress due to handling and high stocking densities. Catfish diseases could be of bacterial, fungal, viral, nutritional or environmental origin. Diseases usually occur during cooler months. In grow-out culture, mortalities of about 50% or more may occur two weeks after stocking as a result of the combined effects of these diseases. Disease signs ■■ Lack of appetite or reduced feed intake ■■ Abnormal swimming behavior ■■ Discoloration of the body and gills ■■ Gradual or mass mortality ■■ Erosion of barbels, tail rot, body lesions ■■ Paleness and weight loss Bacteria Fish swimming in a vertical position at the water surface or exhibit abnormal swimming behavior may have bacterial disease. White spots or lesions on the skin, fins and mouth are also present. These are caused by bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas, and Myxobacteria. Figure 15. Catfish with bacterial disease (left); the parasite Trichodina spp. FROM DISEASES OF CULTURED GROUPERS 14 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Parasites Parasites attach themselves to the skin, gills, digestive tract and various organs of the fish. The fish stays in a vertical position at the water surface or nervously rub their heads over the pond bottom. The skin is sometimes covered by a grayish white mucus film and the fish becomes pale. Gradual to mass mortality can occur. Examine the fish by scraping the tissues of gills or infected skins. Place the sample in a slide, add a drop of distilled water, cover with cover slip and analyze under the microscope. Some of the common parasites that attack catfishes are protozoans (Chilodonella, Trichodina spp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis), trematodes (Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus) and leeches (Hirudina). Figure 16. (From top) Fungal disease and broken head disease, a symptom of nutritional deficiency Fungi Infected catfish have cotton-like growth on the skin, mouth and barbels. The fungus especially occurs on skin injuries caused by handling or ectoparasites. Heavy infections result in abnormal swimming behavior and can cause mortality. Nutrition Nutritional diseases in catfish are brought about by feeding with farmmade food lacking in important nutrients and by using spoiled commercial pellet. Some unknown diseases suspected as nutritional causes are cracked or broken head disease, open belly disease, yellowish color, hemorrhage beneath the mouth, deformed bodies and loss of appetite. Environment Water contaminated by industrial and agricultural pollution or run-off, high or low water temperatures, and unfavorable environmental conditions will make catfish more vulnerable to diseases. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 15 Disease prevention ■■ Acclimate properly and handle the fish carefully during harvest, transfer and stocking; as much as possible, avoid handling the fish to minimize stress ■■ Apply lime to pond water (5-10 ppm) biweekly or monthly; maintain the liming of the pond dikes ■■ Prevent the entry of insects and black bugs from rice fields into the cultured area to inhibit secondary infection of stocks ■■ Place sacks of ash or charcoal in pond corners for good water maintenance ■■ Use good quality feeds or trash fish ■■ Do not allow water to flow from one pond to another. Each pond should have its own inflow and outflow for easier water management ■■ Replenish water regularly ■■ Reduce pond water to a minimum depth of 8-10 cm and immerse catfish in saltwater (20-25 ppt) for 30-60 seconds biweekly or monthly. If seawater is not available, broadcast granulated table salt (20-25 g/L) into the pond, and immediately let in water up to the maximum depth. Draining and application of salt is done during the cooler parts of the day ■■ Improve skills in the detection of symptoms, prevention and treatment of diseases ■■ Submit live samples immediately to a fish health laboratory if a disease outbreak is suspected ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Economic evaluation is based on grow-out culture in a pond with an area of 1,000 m2 (Table 4) using formulated diets; moist (chicken entrails or trash fish + rice bran); and a combination of pellet and moist at 50% composition each. Pond development and water pump are about 58% and 32% of the investment cost respectively, which are the major requirements (Table 5). Fingerlings and feeds are the major variable costs (Table 6.1, 7.1, 8.1). Farm gate average price of Clarias macrocephalus is is PhP130/kg, higher than that of other Clarias spp. because of its scarcity and more tender and delicious meat. The return-on-investment (ROI) and payback period range from 80%-122% and 0.8-1.2 years when using pellet, moist or a combination of these feeds (Table 6.2, 7.2, 8.2). Feeding using formulated diet has an advantage of convenience in handling and storage. The quality required and quantity needed could be easily maintained. Total dry feed cost should not exceed 25% of the farm gate value of the cultured species. Although feeding catfish with moist diet gives acceptable results, using this could pose problems due to its inconsistent supply, storage requirements and its foul smell. It may be inexpensive and economical but the quantity and quality cannot be easily controlled. Daily feed acquisition and preparation are time-consuming, laborious and costly. Culturing catfish using moist diet is not recommended for commercial intensive production systems. However, in some localities with abundant supply, recycling these wastes as feed in small-scale or backyard ponds is highly recommended. This type of feed must be acquired in a cleaner, quicker handling and transport, stored well, then cooked before feeding. Table 4. Technical assumptions Assumptions Total pond area (m2) Target production (kg/crop) Project duration (years) Days of culture per crop Number of crop per year Total stock (pcs/crop) Stocking density (pcs/m2) Average body weight at stocking (g) Average body weight at harvest (g) Feeding rate (% of body weight) Feed cost (PhP/kg) Moist Pellet Survival rate (%) Feed conversion ratio Catfish price/kg (PhP)   1,000 770 5 120 2 10,000 10 3.0-5.0 110 3.5-5.0 7 25 70 2.3 130 SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 17 Table 5. Investment requirements and depreciation for C. macrocephalus Capital outlay Value (PhP) Pond development 18,000 Water pump 10,000 Weighing scale 600 Pails, basins, scoop nets 300 Bolo, hammer, saw, spade 1,000 Seine 1,000 Total investment 30,900 Depreciation/yr Depreciation/crop Salvage value after project duration Economic life (yr) 20 10 5 5 5 5 Depreciation (PhP) 900 1,000 120 60 200 200 2,480 1,240 Salvage value (PhP) 13,500 5,000 0 0 0 0 18,500 Table 6.1 Costs-and-returns analysis of C. macrocephalus grow-out using pellet feeds Item A. Revenue Catfish production (kg) Quantity Unit cost Total cost 770 130 100,100 B. Operating cost 1. Variable costs Fingerlings/ha/crop (pcs) Feeds (kg) Lime (kg) Urea (kg) 16-20-0 (kg) Cow or chicken manure (kg) Fuel (for pumping) Repair and maintenance (2% investment) Miscellaneous expenses (2% revenue) Subtotal 10,000 1,771 100 2.5 5 100 50 2 20,000 25 44,275 1.5 150 17.8 45 15.8 79 1.2 120 36 1,800 618 2,002 69,089 2. Fixed costs Family labor/crop (PhP) Depreciation/crop Interest rate/crop (50% bank loan; 12%/yr) Subtotal Total cost 19 200 3,800 1,240 3,000 8,040     77,128 18 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Table 6.2 Economic indicators using pellet feeds Net profit/crop Return-on-investment (%) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) Internal rate of return (IRR, %) Net present value (NPV) Discounted benefit cost ratio (BCR) 22,972 80 1.2 100 593 148% 129,655 6 Table 6.3 Sensitivity analysis scenarios using pellet feeds 1. Increase in feed cost by 20% Net profit (PhP/crop/year) Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR 2. Decrease in selling price of catfish by 20% Net profit (PhP/crop/year) Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR 3. Survival of 55% Net profit (PhP/crop/year) Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR Per crop 13,851.20 3,293.26 11,736 Per year 27,702.4 50.8 1.9 112.0 663.5 70,944.9 0.9 3.6 6,586.53 16.67 5.35 111.72 742 2,982.45 15.41% 1.11 23,471.68 44 2.2 111 515 57,328 74% 3 SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 19 Table 7.1 Costs-and-returns analysis of C. macrocephalus grow-out using moist feeds Item A. Revenue Catfish production (kg) Quantity Unit cost Total cost 770 130 100,100 B. Operating cost 1. Variable costs Fingerlings/ha/crop (pcs) Feeds (kg) Lime (kg) Urea (kg) 16-20-0 (kg) Cow or chicken manure (kg) Fuel (for pumping) Repair and maintenance (2% investment) Miscellaneous expenses (2% revenue) Subtotal 10,000 3,542 100 2.5 5 100 50 2 20,000 9 31,878 1.5 150 17.8 45 15.8 79 1.2 120 36 1,800 618 2,002 56,692 2. Fixed costs Family labor/crop (PhP) Depreciation/crop Interest rate/crop (50% bank loan; 12%/yr) Sub-total Total cost 19 200 3,800 1,240 2,628 7,668     64,359 Table 7.2 Economic indicators using moist feeds Net profit/crop Return-on-investment (%) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% Internal rate of return (IRR, %) Discounted BCR 35,741 122 0.8 84 495 211,850 231% 9 20 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Table 7.3 Sensitivity analysis scenarios using moist feeds 1. Increase in feed cost by 20% Net profit (PhP/crop/year) Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR 2. Decrease in selling price of catfish by 20% Net profit (PhP/crop/year) Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR 3. Survival of 75% Net profit (PhP/crop/year) Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR Per crop 29,173.89 18,615.96 21,769 Per year 58,347.77 100.43 0.98 92.11 546 169,578.63 188.45% 7.15 37,231.91 66.26 1.46 91.82 610 101,616.16 119.53% 4.68 43,537 76 1.3 94 438 121,910 140% 5 SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 21 Table 8.1 Costs-and-returns analysis of C. macrocephalus grow-out using 50% pellet and 50% moist feeds Item A. Revenue Catfish production (kg) Quantity Unit cost Total cost 770 130 100,100 B. Operating cost 1. Variable costs Fingerlings/ha/crop (pcs) Feeds (kg) Pellet Moist Lime (kg) Urea (kg) 16-20-0 (kg) Cow or chicken manure (kg) Fuel (for pumping) Repair and maintenance (2% investment) Miscellaneous expenses (2% revenue) Subtotal 10,000 886 1,771 100 2.5 5 100 50 2 20,000 25 22,138 9 15,939 1.5 150 17.8 45 15.8 79 1.2 120 36 1,800 618 2,002 62,890 2. Fixed costs Family labor/crop (PhP) Depreciation/crop Interest rate/crop (50% bank loan; 12%/yr) Subtotal Total cost 19 200 3,800 1,240 2,814 7,854     70,744 Table 8.2 Economic indicators using 50% pellet and 50% moist feeds Net profit/crop Return-on-investment (%) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) IRR (%) NPV at 12% Discounted BCR 29,356 101 1.0 92 544 190% 170,753 7 22 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Table 8.3. Sensitivity analysis scenarios using 50% pellet and 50% moist feeds 1. Increase in feed cost by 20% Per crop Net profit (PhP/crop/year) 21,512.54 Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR 2. Decrease in selling price of catfish by 20% Net profit (PhP/crop/year) 10,954.61 Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR 3. Survival of 75% Net profit (PhP/crop/year) 16,752 Return-on-investment (ROI, %) Payback period (yr) Break-even price (PhP) Break-even production (kg) NPV at 12% IRR (%) Discounted BCR Per year 43,025.08 75.63 1.29 102.06 605 120,261.78 138.51% 5.36 21,909.22 41.46 2.30 101.77 676 52,299.31 68.73% 2.90 33,504.40 60 1.6 102 476 89,619 107% 4 REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READINGS Aqua Farm News. 1993. Catfish Culture. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Dept., Iloilo, Philippines. Nov.-Dec. XI (6), 23 pp Arce RG. 1978. Improved rice-fish culture in the Philippines. Proceedings, International Commision on Irrigation and Drainage. ICID Second Regional Afro-Asian Conference. Tech. paper No. 10, pp. 136-145 Areerat S. 1987. Clarias culture in Thailand. Aquaculture 63:355-362 Bevan DJ, DL Kramer. 1987. Lack of a depth effect on growth of the air-breathing catfish Clarias macrocephalus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:1507-1510 Coniza EB, MR Catacutan, JD Tan-Fermin. 2003. Growth and yield of Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) fed different grow-out diets. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 55(1), 53-60 Coniza EB, JD Tan-Fermin, MR Catacutan, AT Triño, RF Agbayani. 2000. Economic evaluation of grow-out diets for Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) production. UPV J. Nat. Sci. 5 (2), 43-54 CIFRI Technology. 1984. Paddy cum fish culture. Central Inland Fisheries Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India Fitzgerald WJ Jr. 1988. Comparative economics of four aquaculture species under monoculture and polyculture production in Guam. Journal of World Aquaculture Society 19 (3), 132-142 Guerrero RD. 1988. Lesson of catfish culture. Fish bites. Agribusiness Weekly Philippines 2 (24), 19 Hengsawat K, FJ Ward, P Jaruratjamorn. 1997. The effect of stocking density on yield, growth and mortality of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Gunther 1822) cultured in cages. Aquaculture 152, 67-76 IFFP. 1998. Rearing catfish. Fish culture in integrated fish farming in northern region of Thailand. Bank for Agriculture and Agriculture Cooperatives (BAAC) and Belgian Administration for Development Cooperation (BADC). 31 pp Kwei Lin C. 1990. Integrated culture of walking catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The Second Asian Fisheries Forum, Tokyo, Japan, April 1-2, 1989. pp. 209-212 24 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Piedad-Pascual F. 1996. Farm-made feeds: preparation, management, problems and recommendations. In: Santiago CB, RM Coloso, OM Millamena and IG Borlongan (eds.). Feeds for Small-Scale Aquaculture. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines. pp. 45-51 Santiago CB, AC Gonzal. 1997. Growth and reproductive performance of the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) fed artificial diets. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 13:37-40 Shang YC. 1990. Aquaculture economic analysis, an introduction. In: New MB, AGJ Tacon and I Csavas (eds.). Farm-made Aquafeeds. FAO/AADCP Regional Expert Consultation on Farm-Made Aquafeeds, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 61-74 Tacon AGJ. 1993. Feed formulation and on-farm feed management. In: New MB, AGJ Tacon, and I Csavas (eds.). Farm-made Aquafeeds. FAO/AADCP Regional Expert Consultation on Farm-Made Aquafeeds, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 61-74 OTHER CATFISH PAPERS BY SEAFDEC/AQD Evangelista AD, NR Fortes, CB Santiago. 2005. Comparison of some live organisms and artificial diet as feed for Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) larvae. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21:437-444 Santiago CB, AC Gonzal, M Ricci, S Harpaz. 2003. Response of bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis and Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus larvae to free-living nematodes Panagrellus redivivus as alternative feed. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 19:239-243 Bombeo RF, AC Fermin, JD Tan-Fermin. 2002. Nursery rearing of the Asian catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther), at different stocking densities in cages suspended in tanks and ponds. Aquaculture Research 33:1031-1036 Erazo-Pagador G, M Shariff Din. 2001. Rapid wound healing in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, fed diets supplemented with ascorbic acid. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 53:69-79. Eguia RV, MS Kamarudin, CB Santiago. 2000. Growth and survival of river catfish Mystus nemurus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) larvae fed isocaloric diets with different protein levels during weaning. Journal of Applied IchthyologyZeitschrift Fur Angewandte Ichthyologie 16:104-109 SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 25 Tan-Fermin JD, T Miura, S Adachi, K Yamauchi. 1999. Seminal plasma composition, sperm motility, and milt dilution in the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). Aquaculture 171:323-338 Tan-Fermin JD, CL Marte, H Ueda, S Adachi, K Yamauchi. 1999. Effect of season on oocyte development and serum steroid hormones in LHRHa and pimozide-injected catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). Fisheries Science 65:865-870 Lio-Po GD, GS Traxler, LJ Albright. 1999. Establishment of cell lines from catfish (Clarias batrachus) and snakeheads (Ophicephalus striatus). Asian Fisheries Science 12:343-349 Lio-Po GD, LJ Albright, C Michel, EM Leaño. 1998. Experimental induction of lesion in snakeheads (Ophicephalus striatus) and catfish (Clarias batrachus) with Aeromonas hydrophila, Aquaspirillum sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Streptococcus sp. Journal of Applied Ichthyology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Ichthyologie 14:75-79 Tan-Fermin JD, RR Pagador, RC Chavez. 1997. LHRHa and pimozide-induced spawning of Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) at different times during an annual reproductive cycle. Aquaculture 148:323-331 Tan-Fermin JD, T Miura, H Ueda, S Adachi, K Yamauchi. 1997. Testicular histology and serum steroid hormone profiles in hatchery-bred catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) during an annual reproductive cycle. Fisheries Science 63:681-686 Tan-Fermin JD, S Ijiri, H Ueda, S Adachi, K Yamauchi. 1997. Ovarian development and serum steroid hormone profiles in hatchery-bred female catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) during an annual reproductive cycle. Fisheries Science 63:867-872 Lio-Po GD, LJ Albright, EM Leaño. 1996. Experiments on virulence dose and portals of entry for Aeromonas hydrophila in walking catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 8:340-343 (short communication) Tambasen-Cheong MVP, JD Tan-Fermin, LMB Garcia, RB Baldevarona. 1995. Miltegg ratio in artificial fertilization of the Asian freshwater catfish, Clarias macrocephalus, injected salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue and domperidone. Aquatic Living Resources 8:303-307 (note) Tan-Fermin JD, AC Emata. 1993. Induced spawning by LHRHa and pimozide in the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). Journal of Applied Ichthyology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Ichthyologie 9:89-96 26 Grow-out culture of the Asian catfish Tan-Fermin JD. 1992. Induction of oocyte maturation and ovulation in the freshwater Asian catfish, Clarias macrocephalus by LHRHa and pimozide. Journal of Applied Ichthyology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Ichthyologie 8:90-98 Tan-Fermin JD. 1991. Suitability of different formalin-containing fixatives for the eggs of freshwater Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 43:57-61 Fermin AC, MA Laron, DM Reyes Jr. 1991. Multiple gonadal maturation and rematuration after hormone-induced spawning in bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis Rich. The Philippine Scientist 28:77-88 Fermin AC, MEC Bolivar. 1991. Larval rearing of the Philippine freshwater catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther), fed live zooplankton and artificial diet: a preliminary study. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 43:87-94 Lio-Po GD, LH Susan Lim. 2002. Infectious diseases of warmwater fish in fresh water. In: Woo PTK, DW Bruno, LHS Lim (eds.). Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture; Massachusetts, USA: CABI Publishing; pp. 213282 Tan-Fermin JD, CL Marte, S Adachi, K Yamauchi. 2001. Serum steroid hormones, reproductive and larval performance of the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) during the off-and peak reproductive seasons. In: John Yuh-Lin Yu (ed.). Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of the Asia and Oceania Society for Comparative Endocrinology (AOSCE 2000); 14-18 May 2000; Taiwan: Academia Sinica; pp. 288-297 Santiago CB, ZU Basiao, JD Tan-Fermin. 2001. Research of freshwater fishes. In: Garcia LMaB (ed.). Responsible Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia. Proceedings of the Seminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia; 12-14 October 1999. Iloilo City, Philippines. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department; pp. 185-198 Laron MA, MS Kamarudin, FM Yusoff, CR Saad. 2001. Evaluation of different live food organisms on growth and survival of river catfish, Mystus nemurus (C & V) larvae. In: Hendry CI, G Van Stappen, M Wille, P Sorgeloos (eds.). Larvi ‘01 – Fish and Shellfish Larviculture Symposium; 3-6 September 2001; Oestende Belgium: Special publication no. 30: European Aquaculture Society; pp. 299-302 Garcia LMaB. 1996. A review of SEAFDEC/AQD finfish breeding research. In: Marte CL, GF Quinitio, AC Emata (eds.). Breeding and Seed Production of Cultured Finfishes in the Philippines. Proceedings of the SeminarWorkshop on Breeding and Seed Production of Cultured Finfishes in the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department 27 Philippines; 4-5 May 1993; SEAFDEC/AQD, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. Iloilo, Philippines: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department; pp. 54-64 Fermin AC, MEC Bolivar. 1996. Weaning of the Asian catfish, Clarias macrocephalus Gunther, larvae to formulated dry diet. In: Santiago CB, RM Coloso, OM Millamena, IG Borlongan (eds.). Feeds for Small-Scale Aquaculture, Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds; 1-2 June 1994; SEAFDEC/AQD, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. Iloilo, Philippines: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department; pp. 83-86 Fermin AC, MEC Bolivar, SBM Balad-on, JB Vargas. 1995. Improved hatchery rearing techniques for the Asian catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). In: Lavens P, E Jaspers, I Roelants (eds.). Larvi ‘95 - Fish and Shellfish Larviculture Symposium; Spec. Publ. No. 24; 3-7 September 1995; Ghent, Belgium. Ghent, Belgium: European Aquaculture Society; pp. 394-397 Emata AC. 1995. Research on marine and freshwater fishes. In: Bagarinao TU, EEC Flores (eds.). Towards Sustainable Aquaculture in Southeast Asia and Japan. Proceedings of the Seminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia; 26-28 July 1994; Iloilo City, Philippines. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department; pp. 166186 (Preliminary Report) Tan-Fermin JD, RSJ Gapasin, AM Tan, MA Garcia, AC Emata. 1994. LHRHa and pimozide-induced breeding in the catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). In: Chou LM, AD Munro, TJ Lam, TW Chen, LKK Cheong, JK Ding, KK Hooi, HW Khoo, VPE Phang, KF Shim, CH Tan (eds.). The Third Asian Fisheries Forum. Proceedings of the Third Asian Fisheries Forum; 26-30 October 1992; Singapore. Manila, Philippines: Asian Fisheries Society; pp. 830-833 Basiao ZU. 1994. Tilapia, carp, and catfish. In: Lacanilao F, RM Coloso, GF Quinitio (eds.). Proceedings of the Seminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia and Prospects for Seafarming and Searanching; 19-23 August 1991; Iloilo City, Philippines. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department; pp. 24-31 Lio-Po GD, LJ Albright, EV Alapide-Tendencia. 1992. Aeromonas hydrophila in the epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) of snakehead, Ophicephalus striatus, and catfish, Clarias batrachus: quantitative estimation in natural infection and experimental induction of dermo-muscular necrotic lesion. In: Shariff M, RP Subasinghe, JR Arthur Jr. (eds.). Diseases in Asian Aquaculture I. Proceedings of the First Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture; 2629 November 1990; Bali, Indonesia. Manila, Philippines: Asian Fisheries Society; pp. 461-474 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mr. Eliseo B. Coniza is an Associate Researcher at AQD. He has been working at AQD for 27 years, where he worked on shrimp hatchery production and pond culture and development of culture techniques of brackish- and freshwater fishes. He also served as a part- or full-time consultant of various fishponds in Panay and Negros Occidental since 1987. In May-October 1995, he was hired as Section Manager at the P.T. Dipasena Citra Darmaja at Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, probably the biggest shrimp farm in the world. Together with his co-authors, he won the Department of Agriculture Secretary’s Award for the paper “Growth and yield of Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) fed different grow-out diets.” He finished his Technical Fishery Education (proficient in Inland Fisheries) and BSc in Fisheries Education at the Iloilo State College of Fisheries (ISCOF), and his Master of Aquaculture with the Certificate of Merit Award from the University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV) under the DOST-PCMARD scholarship grant. Dr. Mae R. Catacutan is a Scientist at AQD. She joined AQD in 1978 as Research Aide I of the Nutrition and Feed Development Section. Her work on aquaculture nutrition includes digestibility of feed ingredients, protein requirement, and vitamin C for popular species for culture. Her research work on the nutrition of important aquaculture species have been published in international journals. She graduated from Silliman University with a BSc Chemistry degree (cum laude) as a national state scholar. She obtained her MSc and PhD in Fisheries Science from Kagoshima University through scholarships from the Japanese government. She is a member of the Integrated Chemists of the Philippines, Asian Fisheries Society, and the National Research Council of the Philippines. Dr. Josefa D. Tan-Fermin is a Scientist of the Breeding Section at AQD. She first worked as a research assistant under the Milkfish Broodstock Development Project in June 1979, eventually becoming a research associate in 1982. She finished her BSc in Biological Sciences in 1977 from the University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV), MSc in Zoology in 1982 from UP Diliman, and Doctor of Science in Fisheries Science in 1997 from the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University. Dr. Tan-Fermin has worked on the different aspects of the reproductive biology and digestive physiology of milkfish, shrimp, sea bass, grouper, goldfish and catfish. These works were published mainly in refereed journals. Her doctoral dissertation and work on native catfish are results of continuing efforts to save this fish from extinction here in the Philippines. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank Ms. Milagros Castaños and Mr. Rommel Guarin for their comments and suggestions, and for preparing the layout of this manual. We are also grateful to our project collaborator, Mr. Tomas Hautea Jr, for providing the experimental pond and other facilities. We also thank Mr. Armando Fermin, Ms. Ruby Bombeo, Mr. Avelino Triño, Dr. Gilda Lio-Po and Ms. Jocelyn Ladja for their invaluable comments, Dr. Nerissa Salayo and Mr. Renato Agbayani in reviewing the economic analysis, and Mr. Fredson Huervana who assisted in preparing this manual. RECENT SEAFDEC PUBLICATIONS AQUACULTURE EXTENSION MANUALS (AEM) and STATE-OF-THE-ART SERIES (SAS) AEM 41 Grow-out Culture of the Asian Catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). EB Coniza et al. (2008). 29 pp AEM 40 Breeding and Seed Production of the Asian Catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther). JD Tan-Fermin et al. (2008). 28 pp AEM 39 Abalone Hatchery. AC Fermin et al. (2008). 31 pp AEM 38 Tilapia Broodstock and Hatchery Management. R Eguia, MRR Eguia (2007). 48 pp AEM 37 Giant Clam Hatchery, Ocean Nursery and Stock Enhancement. SS Mingoa-Licuanan, E Gomez (2007). 110 pp AEM 36 Tilapia Farming in Cages and Ponds. RV Eguia, MRR Eguia (2004). 40 pp (in print or CD) AEM 35 Best Management Practices for Mangrove-Friendly Shrimp Farming. DD Baliao, S Tookwinas (2002). 50 pp (Filipino version also available) AEM 34 Biology and Hatchery of Mud Crabs Scylla spp. ET Quinitio, FD Parado-Estepa (2008, 2nd ed.). 47 pp AEM 33 Induced Breeding and Seed Production of Bighead Carp. AC Gonzal et al. (2001). 40 pp AEM 32 The Farming of the Seaweed Kappaphycus. AQ Hurtado, RF Agbayani (2000). 26 pp (Filipino version also available) AEM 30 Net Cage Culture of Tilapia in Dams and Small Farm Reservoirs. DD Baliao et al. (2000). 14 pp AEM 29 Grouper Culture in Floating Net Cages. DD Baliao et al. (2000). 10 pp AEM 26 Pen Culture of Mudcrab in Mangroves. DD Baliao et al. (1999). 10 pp AEM 24 Grouper Culture in Brackishwater Ponds. DD Baliao et al. (1998). 18 pp AEM 23 Pagpapaanak ng Tilapya. RV Eguia et al. (2007). 64 pp AEM 22 Pag-aalaga ng Tilapya. RV Eguia et al. (2007). 68 pp AEM 21 Feeds and Feeding of Milkfish, Nile Tilapia, Asian Sea Bass and Tiger Shrimp. Feed Development Section (1994). 97 pp AEM 16 Diseases of Penaeid Shrimps in the Philippines. CR Lavilla-Pitogo et al. (2000) 83 pp SAS Environment-Friendly Schemes in Intensive Shrimp Farming. DD Baliao (2000). 24 pp SAS Closed Recirculating Shrimp Farming System. S Tookwinas (2000). 28 pp TEXTBOOKS, MONOGRAPHS, LABORATORY BOOKS Seaweeds of Panay (2006). AQ Hurtado et al. 50 pp, 2nd ed. Diseases in Farmed Mud Crabs Scylla spp.: Diagnosis, Prevention and Control (2004). CR Lavilla-Pitogo, LD de la Peña. 89 pp (in print or CD) Diseases of Cultured Groupers (2004). K Nagasawa, ER Cruz-Lacierda (eds.). 81 pp (in print or CD) Handbook of the Mangroves of the Philippines – Panay (2004). JH Primavera et al. 106 pp Laboratory Manual of Standardized Methods for the Analysis of Pesticide and Antibiotic Residues in Aquaculture Products (2004). IG Borlongan, JNP Chuan. 46 pp (in print or CD) Laboratory Manual of Standardized Methods for Antibicrobial Sensitivity Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Aquatic Animals and Environment (2004). L Ruangpan, EA Tendencia. 55 pp (in print or CD) Nutrition in Tropical Aquaculture (2002). OM Millamena et al. (eds.). 221 pp Health Management in Aquaculture (2001). GL Po et al. (eds.). 187 pp An Assessment of the Coastal Resources of Ibajay and Tangalan, Aklan (2001). LMB Garcia (ed.). 60 pp Ecology and Farming of Milkfish (1999). TU Bagarinao. 117 pp CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Proceedings of the Regional Technical Consultation on Stock Enhancement (2006). JH Primavera, ET Quinitio, MR Eguia (eds.). 150 pp Responsible Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia (2001). LMB Garcia (ed.). 274 pp Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture(2000). JH Primavera et al. (eds.). 217 pp FOR FREE DOWNLOADS, VISIT : www.seafdec.org.ph/publications Flyers, reports, newsletters, video, photos ABOUT SEAFDEC The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) is a regional treaty organization established in December 1967 to promote fisheries development in the region. The member countries are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The policy-making body of SEAFDEC is the Council of Directors, made up of representatives of the member countries. SEAFDEC conducts research on fisheries problems; generates appropriate fisheries technologies; trains researchers, technicians, fishers and aquafarmers, and managers; disseminates information on fisheries science and technologies; and recommends policies pertaining to the fisheries sector. SEAFDEC has four departments that focus on different aspects of fisheries development: • The Training Department (TD) in Samut Prakan, Thailand (1967) for training in marine capture fisheries • The Marine Fisheries Research Department (MFRD) in Singapore (1967) for post-harvest technologies • The Aquaculture Department (AQD) in Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines (1973) for aquaculture research and development, and • The Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department (MFRDMD) in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia (1992) for the development and management of fishery resources in the exclusive economic zones of SEAFDEC member countries SEAFDEC/AQD is mandated to: • Conduct scientific research to generate aquaculture technologies appropriate for Southeast Asia • Develop managerial, technical and skilled manpower for the aquaculture sector • Produce, disseminate and exchange aquaculture information SEAFDEC/AQD maintains four stations: the Tigbauan Main Station and Dumangas Brackishwater Station in Iloilo province; the Igang Marine Station in Guimaras province; and the Binangonan Freshwater Station in Rizal province.