Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines, 1 -2 June 1994 http://hdl.handle.net/10862/536 2026-04-06T11:57:48Z 2026-04-06T11:57:48Z Borlongan, Ilda Marte, Clarissa Nocillado, Josephine http://hdl.handle.net/10862/547 2022-01-22T01:26:41Z 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z

Development of artificial diets for milkfish (Chanos chanos) larvae Borlongan, Ilda; Marte, Clarissa; Nocillado, Josephine This study aims to develop nutritionally balanced and cost-effective artificial diets for milkfish larvae. Two larval diets (Feed A and Feed B) were formulated and prepared to contain 45% protein and 10% lipid. Several larval diet preparation techniques were tried and diets produced were assessed in terms of feed particle size and bouyancy, water stability, and feed acceptability. The larval diet preparation that gave the best particle size and bouyancy as well as good water stability was the one prepared as microbound diet (using K-carrageenan as a binder) and flaked using a drum drier.A series of feeding experiments were then conducted to determine growth and survival of milkfish larvae reared on various feeding schemes involving the use of these artificial diets. The artificial diets were fed either alone or in combination with live foods. Larvae in control treatments were reared on live foods such as Brachionus and Artemia. Larvae were observed to ingest the diets indicating that the feeds had suitable physical characteristics and were attractive to the larvae. Over-all results of the feeding trials showed that the artificial diets could be fed to milkfish larvae in combination with the rotifer Brachionus starting Day 8 or could be fed alone to milkfish larvae starting Day 15 onward. These promising results would reduce dependence of milkfish larvae on live foods and would have significant economic benefits in the form of simplified milkfish hatchery procedures. Abstract only

1996-01-01T00:00:00Z Eusebio, Perla Coloso, Relicardo M. Gumban, Bethany http://hdl.handle.net/10862/550 2020-06-13T12:08:11Z 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z

In vitro digestibility of locally available feedstuffs for white shrimp Penaeus indicus Eusebio, Perla; Coloso, Relicardo M.; Gumban, Bethany An in vitro method of determining protein digestibility was modified for application in white shrimps. The protein digestibility of 21 locally available feedstuffs were determined. Vitamin-free casein was used as reference protein. To verify in vitro results, a feeding experiment was conducted using 300 shrimps with average initial weight of 0.075 g. The shrimps were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing test ingredients with high (27.6% -33.7%) and low (4.0%-10.5%) digestibility for 61 days. Seawater temperature ranged from 26 to 29°C and salinity from 30 to 33 ppt. Defatted soybean meal (27.2% digestibility) was used as control. Growth and survival were determined. Animal proteins (40.9%-90.9%) were more digestible than plant proteins (0.0%-33.7%), although digestibility of papaya leaf meal (33.7%) was comparable with those of shrimp head meal (40.9%) and Peruvian fish meal (40.7%). Green mungbean meal was most digestible (27.6%) among the legumes. Protein digestibility of defatted soybean meal (27.2%) was significantly higher than that of unprocessed soybean meal (9.4%). Black cowpea meal and ricebean meal were not digestible. Results also showed that white shrimps given a diet containing cassava leaves performed best with weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival (706.4%, 3.44 and 49%) comparable with white cowpea meal (701.3%, 3.35 and 40%) and defatted soybean meal (726.8%,3.50 and 33%), followed by papaya leaf meal (505%, 3.02 and 38%). Shrimps fed a diet containing green mungbean meal showed the poorest response (344.2%, 2.46 and 18%). These results indicate that in vitro protein digestibility is not correlated with growth and survival. The amino acid pattern, anti-nutritional factors, and palatibility of the diets are other important factors that may influence the growth of P. indicus. Abstract only

1996-01-01T00:00:00Z Heralde, Francisco III Leaño, Milagros Reyes, Angelita Coloso, Relicardo http://hdl.handle.net/10862/543 2022-01-22T02:34:49Z 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z

A preliminary study on the effect of hypoxia on carotenoid metabolism in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius Heralde, Francisco III; Leaño, Milagros; Reyes, Angelita; Coloso, Relicardo The pigmentation of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon is due to astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester, and astaxanthin diester. These carotenoids are biosynthesized from beta-carotene or zeaxanthin. Biosynthesis is postulated to be mediated by the enzymes C3 and C4 monooxygenase and caroten-4-ol dehydrogenase. Blue-shrimp syndrome, characterized by low total astaxanthin levels in shrimp epidermis, is associated with nutritional deficiency for carotenoids but other factors such as high organic matter, hypoxia, high density, and high pH may also be involved. In this study, the effect of hypoxia on carotenoid metabolism in P. monodon was investigated with respect to retention and transformation of carotenoids and the activity of the enzymes C3 and C4 monooxygenase and caroten-4-ol dehydrogenase.Two tanks were prepared each containing 25 pieces of shrimp fed a control diet (not containing any carotenoid) for two weeks. Shrimps in one tank (Treatment 1) were given beta-carotene supplemented diet (3.8 ppm) in the next two weeks while those in the other (treatment 2) were fed the control diet. Two days after introduction of the test diets, both treatments were subjected to hypoxia challenge (dissolved oxygen, 2.5-2.7 mg/L) and the carotenoid content and profile of feces monitored for succeeding days. Assay of enzyme activity was performed five days after hypoxia challenge. Results showed a ten-fold increase in fecal total carotenoid content of shrimps in treatment 2 (122.2 ppm) compared with that in treatment 1 (12.4 ppm) on hypoxia challenge and restores to basal level (3.9-4.1 ppm) after three days. The carotenoids found in the feces of shrimps in treatment 2 were astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoester, astaxanthin diesters, and an unidentified carotenoid which was also found in the muscle of stressed shrimp. Using beta-carotene as substrate, conversion to astaxanthin was not observed in the hepatopancreas homogenates of shrimps in both treatments. Instead, a slow conversion of astaxanthin to betacarotene (i.e., a reverse reaction) was noted in treatment 2 exhibiting twice the activity in treatment 1. Radiolabelling studies using 14C-labelled astaxanthin as substrate confirmed the existence of this enzyme-mediated reductive pathway from astaxanthin which occurs at a very slow rate. This study demonstrated the carotenoid-depleting effect of hypoxia on shrimp, both through enhanced fecal release and moderately elevated reductive pathway from astaxanthin. This effect suggests a possible mechanism by which blue-shrimp syndrome may develop. Abstract only

1996-01-01T00:00:00Z Catacutan, Mae. Lavilla-Pitogo, Celia. http://hdl.handle.net/10862/541 2022-01-22T02:35:08Z 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z

L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate Mg as vitamin C source for juvenile Penaeus monodon Catacutan, Mae.; Lavilla-Pitogo, Celia. Phosphated ascorbic acid (magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate or MAP) is a stable form of vitamin C. The suitability and growth requirement level of this derivative in practical diet was determined for juvenile Penaeus monodon. The stability and shelf-life of this derivative was compared with that of crystalline ascorbic acid in prepared shrimp diets. Leaching test was conducted at time intervals of 0 to 6 hours while storage test was conducted for 2 weeks to 3 months.In Experiment I, shrimps (183-254 mg) were given MAP at 0 to 1,500 mg/kg diet for 92 days. Shrimps given the diet without MAP supplement had the lowest growth, survival and feed conversion efficiency, but these were not significantly different from those of shrimps fed diets containing different MAP levels. The shrimps were infected with monodon baculovirus at the start of the experiment. At termination, the histological structure of the hepatopancreas showed improvement in those fed diets containing MAP at 100 mg/kg diet or higher.In Experiment II, shrimps (126-135 mg) were fed with diets containing MAP at 0-8,000 mg/kg diet. Seaweed was removed from the diet composition. After 81 days, shrimps given diet without MAP had significantly lower survival rate and feed conversion efficiency than the shrimps fed diets with MAP. Growth was lowest in shrimps without MAP but was not significantly different from that of shrimps given MAP. After feeding for 81 days on diets with different MAP levels, the shrimps were wounded and further maintained with their respective dietary treatments to observe the effects of MAP in wound healing. Complete healing of wounds were observed after two weeks among shrimps given with MAP at 100 and 200 mg/kg diet. In both experiments, shrimps without dietary MAP were weak and showed symptoms of vitamin C deficiency. Higher levels of MAP did not result in very high mortalities in shrimps. This study showed that MAP was utilized by P. monodon as a vitamin C source and the adequate level would be about 100 to 200 mg/kg of diet or 50 to 100 mg as ascorbic acid per kg diet. Abstract only

1996-01-01T00:00:00Z