ADSEA '99
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1783
Proceedings of the Seminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia2024-03-29T09:36:33ZMangrove-friendly aquaculture studies at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/475
Mangrove-friendly aquaculture studies at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department
TriƱo, Avelino T.; Primavera, Jurgenne
Garcia, Luis Maria B.
The SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department studies on mangrove-friendly aquaculture (MFA) can be categorized under two models: a) mangrove filters where mangrove forests are used to absorb effluents from high-density culture ponds, and b) aquasilviculture or the low-density culture of crabs, shrimp and fish integrated with mangroves. In a study using the first model, shrimp pond effluents were retained in an enclosed mangrove area prior to release to receiving waters. Nutrients and other water quality parameters, and bacterial levels were monitored in the untreated effluents and post-mangrove water.
In the second MFA model, mangrove pens and ponds installed in old growth and newly regenerating mangrove sites in Aklan, central Philippines were stocked with mud crab Scylla olivacea/S. tranquebarica and shrimp Penaeus monodon. Investment costs, survival and production, and cost-return analysis for the pens and ponds are reported in the paper. Aside from the aquasilviculture trials in collaboration with local government units, other activities in the Aklan mangrove sites are the survey and mapping of the 75-ha area in Ibajay, construction of a treehouse, and the educational use as field site by Coastal Resource Management trainees of SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department and field biology students of the University of the Philippines in the Visayas.
2001-01-01T00:00:00ZResponsible aquaculture development for the next millennium
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1801
Responsible aquaculture development for the next millennium
Tacon, Albert G. J.; Barg, Uwe C.
Garcia, Luis Maria B.
With the world population doubling in size from 3 to 6 billion people from 1960 to 1999 and currently growing at 1.33% per year (or an annual net addition of 78 million people), and expected to reach 7.3 to 10.7 billion by 2050 (with 8.9 billion considered most likely), there are growing doubts as to the long term sustainability of many traditional agricultural food production systems in being able to meet the increasing global demand for food. Nowhere is this more critical than within many of the world s developing countries, and in particular within those Low-income Food-deficit countries (LIFDC ; currently representing over 62% of the world s population), which are net importers of food and lack sufficient earnings to purchase food to cover their basic dietary needs. Of the multitude of agricultural food production systems, aquaculture is widely viewed as being an important potential candidate capable of contributing to reductions in the shortfall in the terrestrial food basket. Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic plants and animals, has been the fastest growing food production sector for over a decade. Total global production from aquaculture more than tripled from 10 million metric tons (mmt) in 1984 to over 36 mmt in 1997, and production grew at an average compound rate of 1 l% per year since 1984. In contrast to traditional livestock food production systems, the bulk of global aquaculture is realised within developing countries (89.6% total) and LIFDCs (80.6% total).
Despite its good prospects and apparent potential for continued growth, the aquaculture sector has not been without its problems and critics. In particular, there have been concerns raised related to deficiencies in existing aquaculture legislation and planning methods, the use of certain farming practices, issues of resource use efficiency, disease treatment and control, environmental degradation, social welfare, and employment opportunities, etc. Although the majority of these are not unique to the aquaculture sector, it is imperative that these issues be addressed and resolved if the sector is to emerge into a major global food production sector in the next millennium.
In addition, the present paper reviews the origins and salient features of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF), and in particular of Article 9 of CCRF concerning aquaculture development. An overview is also presented of ongoing and planned initiatives concerning the implementation of the code. In particular, the paper attempts to consider the existing socioeconomic conditions of the majority of aquaculture producing countries within the Asian region, and the real basic need of identifying affordable and practical solutions to aid the development of the sector. Particular emphasis is placed on the need of government to provide an enabling economic and legislative environment and umbrella for the sustainable and responsible development of the sector, and the need for increased collaboration between the private and public sector organizations, and government engaged in all stages of the aquaculture development process.
2001-01-01T00:00:00ZDevelopments in freshwater fish culture in Southeast Asia
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1804
Developments in freshwater fish culture in Southeast Asia
Cholik, Fuad
Garcia, Luis Maria B.
Aquaculture has been practiced for more than a century in a few countries of Southeast Asia (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Singapore). Currently, the industry is carried out in various ecosystems such as ponds, paddy fields, raceways, fish pen and cages in freshwater, brackishwater, and marine environments. Developments in freshwater finfish culture in Southeast Asia are becoming prominent. With respect to finfish culture in freshwater, Southeast Asia is showing prominent development. Freshwater fish culture production in the region accounted for 4.4% of the total world freshwater fish and shellfish culture production. In 1997, world freshwater fish culture production amounted to 16,212,730 mt. An indicator of development is the increasing number of the cultured species. In 1988, the number of freshwater fish species cultured in the region was not more than 34 species, but a decade later the list has become longer, attaining more than 36 species. The major ones are common carp and Nile tilapia. These two species are widely cultured in the region. Eight of 10 Southeast Asian countries culture common carp and Nile tilapia. Further diversification of cultured species is still widely open since there are more than a dozen freshwater fish species available in rivers and lakes in the region that are potential candidates for aquaculture. The success in mass production of fry in the hatchery in some Southeast Asian countries has contributed much to these developments in freshwater fish aquaculture in the region, owing to the application of advances in science and technology. Supports from ancillary industries such as feed mill plants, cold and ice storage, etc. and the development of networking that rapidly disseminates information and aquaculture technologies within and outside the region have also contributed to the development of freshwater fish culture in Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, there are constraints to further development and these are discussed in this paper.
2001-01-01T00:00:00ZDevelopments in sustainable shrimp farming in Southeast Asia
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1802
Developments in sustainable shrimp farming in Southeast Asia
Kongkeo, Hassanai; Phillips, Michael
Garcia, Luis Maria B.
In Southeast Asia, shrimp aquaculture has been practiced for many years and is a traditional coastal farming activity in several countries. The recent trend has been towards more intensive forms of culture resulting in a number of problems. However, experiences in the region suggest that shrimp farming can be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable and contribute to the production of food and alleviation of poverty in coastal areas, provided that appropriate management practices are adopted. Technical, economic, social and environmental issues have to be considered in the development and implementation of such management practices.
In the light of serious shrimp disease problems which have affected shrimp farming worldwide, and various environmental and social interactions, some have concluded that shrimp farming development in the region has not been completely sustainable. This paper provides background on the major sustainability issues and management strategies which need to be considered in the development of sustainable shrimp aquaculture. Good farm management practices such as farm siting, construction and design, seed quality, feed and fertilizer, water management, sediment management, shrimp health management practices, and efficient use of inputs and resources should be voluntarily followed and monitored. In order to maintain social harmony and minimize environmental impacts, integration of aquaculture into coastal area management as well as appropriate zoning, policies, regulations and legislation should be allowed for a balanced coastal development. Furthermore, active cooperation among farmers and their involvement in policy setting and planning for coastal development can contribute to better understanding of key issues and promotion of better management practices.
Fortunately, awareness and experience in sustainable management of coastal shrimp aquaculture in Southeast Asia is growing, and a number of local, national and regional initiatives are being taken to develop and implement improved management practices. At international levels, the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Responsible Fisheries (CCRF), adopted in 1995 as a global inter-governmental consensus on the promotion of sustainable fisheries and aquaculture developments, provides a framework of basic principles and norms which all stakeholders concerned with shrimp culture can use as a common platform for better understanding, consultation and collaboration. Examples of recent efforts by NACA, in cooperation with FAO and other interested partners, in the implementation of the CCRF are given, and suggestions are provided to further promote the sustainable development of shrimp culture. A number of researchable issues on sustainable shrimp aquaculture are also reiterated for discussion in this seminar-workshop.
2001-01-01T00:00:00Z