Proceedings of the Aquaculture Workshop for SEAFDEC/AQD Training Alumni
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/635
2024-03-29T11:07:01ZThe shrimp farming industry in the Philippines
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/648
The shrimp farming industry in the Philippines
Corre, Valeriano, Jr.
Villegas, Cesar T.; Castaños, Milagros T.; Lacierda, Rodrigo B.
The shrimp farming industry in the Philippines is the culture of shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in brackishwater and seawater grow-out farms to marketable size. The industry is highly dependent upon the other sectors/components of the shrimp culture industry, including:<ol style="list-style-type:decimal; margin-left:25px; margin-top: 5px"><li>the shrimp hatcheries for their supply of fry (PLs);</li><li>the feed millers for their supply of commercial pelletized feeds, primarily for semi-intensive and intensive shrimp farms;</li><li>the shrimp processors/exporters for the purchase of their harvests;</li><li>the financial institutions for their capital and operational costs; and</li><li>the research institutions and the government for solutions to technical and other problems.</li></ol>
Such dependence makes shrimp farming vulnerable. Other than that, it is also a high risk business. In addition, monsoon rains, typhoons, and floods can significantly affect shrimp farming. Pollution from watershed activities and from self-generated organic load has resulted in slower shrimp growth, higher susceptibility of shrimp to diseases, and mass mortalities. Widely fluctuating export market prices and demands are also major concerns of the industry.
1993-01-01T00:00:00ZShrimp grow-out culture techniques in the Philippines
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/644
Shrimp grow-out culture techniques in the Philippines
Gicos, Apolinario
Villegas, Cesar T.; Castaños, Milagros T.; Lacierda, Rodrigo B.
The major commercial shrimp species in the Philippines belong to the genus Penaeus and Metapenaeus. The important penaeid shrimps are: P. monodon (giant tiger shrimp or sugpo); P. japonicus and P. semisulcatus (tiger shrimp and bulik or sugpo); and P. merguiensis and P. indicus (white shrimp and Indian white shrimp or putian). The giant tiger shrimp is the major species cultured in ponds while the others are incidental crops.
There are 210,000 ha of potential and existing brackishwater ponds in the Philippines (Fig. 1). Because most of these are underdeveloped, present technologies are aimed at improving production or encouraging the development of new areas.
Brackishwater fishfarming in the country is primarily centered on milkfish (Chanos chanos) (Table 1). Shrimp used to be merely an incidental crop when postlarvae from the wild enter the milkfish ponds. In the last decade, many traditional milkfish growers recognize the market of shrimps, primarily the giant tiger shrimp. Polyculture of milkfish and shrimp was practiced, and the fishfarmers shifted to shrimp monoculture when price of shrimp in the international market went up.
In the mid-70s, SEAFDEC/AQD developed and extended its shrimp hatchery technology, and hatcheries proliferated throughout the country. Seed supply became abundant, encouraging more people to invest in grow-out culture. However, production remained low and inconsistent since the growout technology remains largely an art.
When Taiwanese grow-out technology was introduced in the country and research in shrimp was intensified in the Department of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, and SEAFDEC/AQD, new coastal areas were developed particularly in Negros Island where vast tracts of sugarland and rice land were converted to shrimp ponds. Milkfish ponds were also renovated for shrimp culture.
There are four shrimp culture levels in the country, namely: traditional, extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive which vary mainly in pond design, stocking density, feeds and feeding, and water management (Table 2). Only the semi-intensive and intensive culture systems are discussed.
1993-01-01T00:00:00ZSeed production of marine fish in Malaysia
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/643
Seed production of marine fish in Malaysia
Muhammad, Mohd Zaidi
Villegas, Cesar T.; Castaños, Milagros T.; Lacierda, Rodrigo B.
Aquaculture especially brackishwater fish culture in Malaysia has a very high potential for development. It is also a very important source of protein. The three major species cultured in cages are sea bass, grouper, and snapper. They are very popular, especially sea bass which is a highly esteemed delicacy. Sea bass culture started in the mid-1970. The fry was obtained from the wild or imported from Thailand or Singapore. This industry developed slowly because of inadequate supply of seed. During this period also, the culturist had very little experience in managing the cages.
As an answer to the problems of the industry, the Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) of the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Glugor, Penang, established a unit responsible for research on hatchery propagation, larval feed development, and cage culture of sea bass. The Brackishwater Unit of FRI situated in Gelang Patah, Johor is responsible for research and development of sea bass grow-out in coastal ponds. The Marine Finfish Production and Research Centre (MFPRC) situated in Tanjung Demong, Terengganu was set up in 1982 for marine fish fry mass production. The Extension Branch of the Department of Fisheries in Kuala Lumpur is responsible for all extension services, including promotion of sea bass aquaculture as well as other species. The Extension Branch also operates the MFPRC and organizes training on coastal aquaculture at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Centre in Johor.
The Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (LKIM), a government statutory body formed in 1971 with the objectives of upgrading the socioeconomic status of fishermen and developing the fisheries industry, is also involved in marine fish culture, especially in setting up commercial culture projects involving local fishermen.
In addition to government bodies, some universities in Malaysia also carry out activities related to marine fish culture, especially disease studies.
1993-01-01T00:00:00ZStatus and problems of marine fish seed production in Thailand
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/647
Status and problems of marine fish seed production in Thailand
Pimoljinda, Jate
Villegas, Cesar T.; Castaños, Milagros T.; Lacierda, Rodrigo B.
Aquaculture of marine fishes such as sea bass, milkfish, and mullet among others, have been conducted in Thailand for a long time in its provinces along the coast. The fry of these fishes have been collected from natural waters and cultured for the consumption of the family. The traditional method was used in rearing these fishes - flowing seawater into earthen ponds using the bamboo stake trap as the water gate, and culturing trapped fry. Feed was usually the juveniles of other species that come with the water. Needless to say, production was very low.
Rearing marine fish in commercial scale is fairly recent, only in the last 30 years. Seed collection, transport, nursery, grow-out culture, and rearing techniques have been experimented by the Department of Fisheries since 1954 at its Prachuab Fisheries Station. The results were then disseminated to fish farmers. The species which are popularly cultured include sea bass (Lates calcarifer), red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), and grouper (Epinephelus tauvina ).
1993-01-01T00:00:00Z