http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1662 Tue, 07 Apr 2026 11:20:21 GMT 2026-04-07T11:20:21Z https://repository.seafdec.org.ph:443/bitstream/id/f81a83d6-1be2-4a9c-be96-9d774a0b46df/ http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1662 http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1701 Fungal diseases Catap, Elena S.; Lio-Po, Gilda D. Nagasawa, Kazuya; Cruz-Lacierda, Erlinda R. The incidence of ichthyophoniosis in groupers (Epinephelus) has been reported in Plectropomus sp. in Singapore and Cromileptes altivelis in Indonesia. It has also been known to infect at least 80 other species of teleost fish from marine, estuarine and freshwater habitats in both temperate and tropical regions (e.g., rainbow trout, yellowtail, mackerel, herring, flounder and cod). The etiologic agent of this disease is reportedly of uncertain taxonomic affinity but is often described as a fungus. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1701 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1706 Parasitic diseases Cruz-Lacierda, Erlinda R.; Erazo-Pagador, Gregoria E. Nagasawa, Kazuya; Cruz-Lacierda, Erlinda R. A wide variety of parasitic organisms have been reported as causing significant problems in grouper aquaculture. In the hatchery and nursery stages, parasitic diseases of groupers are caused predominantly by protozoans, particularly the ciliates. When grouper fry are transferred to grow-out facilities, they are subjected to handling and transport stress. These fish often carry a large variety and high intensity of ciliated protozoans, skin and gill monogeneans and caligid copepods. This chapter deals with the major parasites of cultured groupers including infections caused by protozoans, monogeneans, didymozoid digeneans, nematodes, caligid copepods, isopods and leeches. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1706 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1705 Bacterial diseases Tendencia, Eleonor; Lavilla-Pitogo, Celia R. Nagasawa, Kazuya; Cruz-Lacierda, Erlinda R. Bacteria are very common in the aquatic environment. Most bacterial disease agents are part of the normal flora of the water. They cause disease only when the fish are stressed due to poor environmental conditions, inadequate diet and poor husbandry techniques. This chapter focuses on the most common bacterial diseases of groupers. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1705 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1707 Nutritional diseases Amar, Edgar C.; Lavilla-Pitogo, Celia R. Nagasawa, Kazuya; Cruz-Lacierda, Erlinda R. Nutritional diseases of fish may develop as a result of deficiency (undernutrition), excess (overnutrition), or imbalance (malnutrition) of nutrients present in their food. The disease usually develops gradually because animals have body reserves that make up for nutritional deficiency up to a certain extent. Disease signs develop only when supply of any diet component falls below critical level. When there is too much food, the excess that is converted to fat and deposited in fish tissues and organs, may severely affect physiological functions of the fish. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1707 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z