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Parasitic diseases
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2004)
A wide variety of parasitic organisms have been reported as causing significant problems in grouper aquaculture. In the hatchery and nursery stages, parasitic diseases of groupers are caused predominantly by protozoans, ...
Bacterial diseases
Tendencia, Eleonor 
; (Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2004)
; (Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2004)
Bacteria are very common in the aquatic environment. Most bacterial disease agents are part of the normal flora of the water. They cause disease only when the fish are stressed due to poor environmental conditions, inadequate ...
Nutritional diseases
Amar, Edgar C. ; (Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2004)
; (Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2004)
Nutritional diseases of fish may develop as a result of deficiency (undernutrition), excess (overnutrition), or imbalance (malnutrition) of nutrients present in their food. The disease usually develops gradually because ...
Environmental diseases
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2004)
This chapter focuses on swimbladder stress syndrome and gas bubble disease, the two most common disorders due to adverse environmental conditions.
Fungal diseases
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2004)
The incidence of ichthyophoniosis in groupers (Epinephelus) has been reported in Plectropomus sp. in Singapore and Cromileptes altivelis in Indonesia. It has also been known to infect at least 80 other species of teleost ...
Viral diseases
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2004)
Some viral infections are serious diseases of groupers causing heavy mortalities. In most cases, larval stages are the most susceptible stage. With the carnivorous nature of groupers, they can readily ingest viral pathogens ...