Best operational practices for biosecure farming of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in earthen ponds

Abstract

This extension manual "Best Operational Practices for Biosecure Farming of Black Tiger Shrimp (<i>Penaeus monodon</i>) in Earthen Ponds," is designed to meet the urgent needs for a comprehensive, time-ready guide that bridges gap between theoretical aquaculture models and on-ground execution. It consolidates critical technical protocols, from pond design, water management, feed scheduling, biosecurity, probiotics, and efficient harvesting into a coherent step by step format suitable for farm managers and extension workers. Rooted in regionally relevant evidence-based practices, including stocking densities reflective of extensive to intensive systems, precise water quality targets (salinity 15–25 ppt, temperature 29–33 °C, and dissolve oxygen >2.7 ppm), and sludge-removal and disinfection protocols. It provides clear performance benchmarks for growth, survival and productivity. Further, it emphasizes biosecurity-covering intake filtration, probiotic use, routine sampling, and pond drying to mitigate diseases risks endemic to <i>P. monodon</i>. The manuals adaptability across farming intensities and its insistence on monitoring and record-keeping empower farmer to continuously optimize operations, enhancing both economic resilience and environmental stewardship.