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Detoxification of Pyrodinium-generated paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in Perna viridis from Western Samar, Philippines

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GacutanRQ1984.pdf (244.6Kb) Open Access
Date
1984
Author
Gacutan, Rogelio Q.
Tabbu, Marlo Y.
de Castro, Ma. Teresa R.
Gallego, Amalia B.
Bulalacao, Minvilu L.
Arafiles, Lourdes
Icatlo Jr., F.
Page views
2,743
ASFA keyword
toxic substances ASFA
detoxification ASFA
public health ASFA
red tide ASFA
AGROVOC keyword
mussels AGROVOC
Perna viridis AGROVOC
Philippines AGROVOC
Taxonomic term
Pyrodinium bahamense compressum GBIF
Pyrodinium GBIF
Metadata
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Abstract
The results are presented of procedures for the detoxification of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin using ozone, chlorine and PVP-iodine. Findings indicate ozone and PVP-iodine to effectively inactivate the toxins isolated from Perna viridis ; however, further investigations are recommended.
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12066/4869
Suggested Citation
Gacutan, R. Q., Tabbu, M. Y., de Castro, T., Gallego, A. B., Bulalacao, M., Arafiles, L., & Icatlo Jr., F. (1984). Detoxification of pyrodinium-generated paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin in Perna viridis from western Samar, Philippines. In A. W. White, M. Anraku, & K.-K. Hooi (Eds.), Toxic Red Tides and Shellfish Toxicity in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of a Consultative Meeting held in Singapore 11-14 September 1984 (pp. 80-85). Singapore: Marine Fisheries Research Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center; Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre.
Type
Conference paper
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  • Conference Proceedings [300]

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    Bacteria and toxin isolated from the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum and production of monoclonal antibodies and diagnostic kits to monitor red tide and toxic mussels 

    Espino, T. M.; Aspiras, R. M.; Sabino, N. G.; Parreño, E.; Macasadia, R. L.; del Mundo, M. L. F. (Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, 2007)
    Six bacterial isolates obtained from the red tide dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum were found to be toxic. The most toxic isolate MM-11 was cultured, characterized, and identified to be Micrococcus luteus. MM-11 and M. luteus had similar DNA bands on agarose gel, and contained 70.0–75.5% mole G+C. Several Micrococcus species were isolated from pure culture and field samples of Pyrodinium and from red tide affected mussels. MM-11 and the other Micrococcus isolates tested positive for saxitoxin. MM-11 was grown on seawater agar; peak cell density of 1.36 x 1010 cells/ml occurred after 3 days of incubation. Toxin production was directly proportional to cell density. The crude toxin from the optimized culture of MM-11 resulted in death of mice in only 1.8–2.4 min, equivalent to a toxicity of 5.9–13.4 mouse units. MM-11 was inoculated into healthy mussels and yielded bacterial isolates that had characteristics of MM-11, and extracts of toxin similar to MM-11 toxin. Mice injected with extracts from the inoculated mussels showed symptoms of paralytic shellfish poisoning (dyspnea 12–15 min after injection), but did not die. Partially purified extracts from red tide affected mussels killed mice in 3.4 min, equivalent to a toxicity of 3.4 mouse units. Addition of 5, 25 and 50% coconut milk to this toxin extract reduced the toxicity to only 34%, 29%, and 25% of that without coconut milk. The ELISA test similarly showed reduction of saxitoxin concentration from 4.78 g toxin/g at 5% added coconut milk to 3.62 g toxin/g at 50% added coconut milk. PSP toxins were extracted from bacteria and red tide affected mussels. The 24 purified extracts of MM-11 toxin were shown by mouse bioassay to have concentrations from 0.6 to 71.6 μg toxin/g bacteria. Green mussels sampled from Bataan and Zambales during incidence of red tides from 1994 to 1998 contained lower amounts of toxin per unit weight than the bacterial extracts. Analysis of the MM-11 toxin by HPLC-fluorometry showed two fractions similar to those of standard gonyautoxin 1 and gonyautoxin 3.
  • Thumbnail

    Effects of coconut milk and brown sugar on crude toxins from mussels exposed to Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa 

    Gacutan, Rogelio Q. (Asian Fisheries Society, 1986)
    During a red tide episode caused by Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa in Western Samar, Philippines in 1983, those who were taken ill after ingesting the green mussel, Perna viridis , resorted to drinking coconut milk (gata , Pilipino) with brown sugar or unpurified sugar lumps (tagapulot , Pilipino) as a temporary palliative, pending medical attention. Many victims felt relief after the drink. Crude toxins (CT) were extracted from P. viridis exposed to Pyrodinium using 0.1 N HCl and reacted with either or both 5% coconut milk (CM) and 5% brown sugar (BS) for an hour. The CT, CM, BS, CT + CM, CT + BS, and CT + CM + BS were assayed in duplicates for saxitoxin using the standard mouse toxicity test. CT with initial toxicity of 2,114 MU/100 g meat was substantially detoxified after a one-hour reaction. In CT + CM, the toxicity was 664 MU/100 g; in combined CT + CM + BS the toxicity was 1,005 MU/100 g. In medium- (436-563 MU/100 g) and low-toxicity extracts (160-231 MU/100 g) no deaths in mice were recorded within one hour of injection.
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    Paralytic shellfish poisoning due to Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa in Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines 

    Gacutan, Rogelio Q.; Tabbu, Marlo Y.; Aujero, Eva J.; Icatlo, F., Jr. (Springer Verlag, 1985)
    On 26 August 1983, a single case of paralytic shellfish-poisoning (PSP) was reported in Davao City, Philippines. The poisoning was traced to ingestion of the green mussel Perna viridis Linnaeus, gathered from Balete Bay, Mati, Davao Oriental. Phytoplankton and zooplankton analyses on 12 October 1983 (47 d later), revealed the presence of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa, a cause of a series of red tides in the early and middle 1970's in Papua New Guinea, Sabah, and Brunei, and more recently, in Palau, and Western Samar and Leyte, Philippines. The dinoflagellate was not dominant; in fact the enumeration showed greater numbers of Ceratium sp., another dinoflagellate. Quantification of the neurotoxin by the standard mouse assay revealed a very high potency. Mussels collected from a new raft (transplanted in May 1983) had a toxicity of 7 960 mouse units (MU) per 100 g-1 meat. Those from an old raft (transplanted in May 1982) had a toxicity of 9 620 MU per 100 g-1 meat.

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