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Edwardsiellosis
(Academic Press, 2022)
Edwardsiellosis is an acute to chronic systemic disease in fish characterized by exophthalmia, ascites, hernia, and severe lesions of the internal organs. It is caused by Edwardsiella tarda, a Gram-negative intracellular ...
Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
(Academic Press, 2022)
Viral nervous necrosis (VNN), also referred to as viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), has been reported in at least 120 cultured or wild marine and freshwater fish species and has caused serious economic losses ...