Aquaculture in the Philippines
Date
1995Page views
27,816ASFA keyword
environmental degradation 
pollution tolerance
shrimp culture
freshwater lakes
bacterial diseases
pond culture
survival
mollusc culture
mussel culture
prawn culture
oyster culture
toxicity tolerance
aquaculture
brackishwater aquaculture
aquaculture economics
aquaculture development
cage culture
culture effects
seaweed culture
mariculture
freshwater aquaculture
fish culture
pollution tolerance
shrimp culture
freshwater lakes
bacterial diseases
pond culture
survival
mollusc culture
mussel culture
prawn culture
oyster culture
toxicity tolerance
aquaculture
brackishwater aquaculture
aquaculture economics
aquaculture development
cage culture
culture effects
seaweed culture
mariculture
freshwater aquaculture
fish culture
AGROVOC keyword
Penaeus monodon
Channa
Chanos chanos
Lutjanus argentimaculatus
Lates calcarifer
Perna viridis
Crassostrea
Epinephelus
Cyprinus carpio
Eucheuma
Siganus
Clarias
Gracilaria
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Oreochromis niloticus
Giant perch
Golden rabbitfish
Mangrove jack
milkfish
Philippines
South East Asia
Philippines, Luzon I., Zambales, Sampaloc L.
Philippines, Luzon I., Laguna de Bay
Channa
Chanos chanos
Lutjanus argentimaculatus
Lates calcarifer
Perna viridis
Crassostrea
Epinephelus
Cyprinus carpio
Eucheuma
Siganus
Clarias
Gracilaria
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Oreochromis niloticus
Giant perch
Golden rabbitfish
Mangrove jack
milkfish
Philippines
South East Asia
Philippines, Luzon I., Zambales, Sampaloc L.
Philippines, Luzon I., Laguna de Bay
Taxonomic term
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Abstract
Aquaculture is regarded as the most promising source of protein food in the years ahead. Milkfish and Nile tilapia are the major fishes now produced but groupers, sea bass, rabbitfish, red snappers, carps, and catfishes are grown by some farmers. The tiger shrimp is still the most important cultured crustacean, but white shrimps and mudcrabs also have great potential. Oysters and mussels are produced in considerable amounts. Mariculture of the seaweed Eucheuma is now a well established industry, and the pond culture of Gracilaria for agar extraction is beginning to take off.
Suggested Citation
Aypa, S. M. (1995). Aquaculture in the Philippines. In T. U. Bagarinao & E. E. C. Flores (Eds.), Towards Sustainable Aquaculture in Southeast Asia and Japan: Proceedings of the Seminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia, Iloilo City, Philippines, 26-28 July, 1994 (pp. 137-147). Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
Type
Conference paperISBN
971851127XCollections
- ADSEA '94 [21]
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The Philippine aquaculture industry
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 1988)The aquaculture sector of the Philippine fishing industry registered the highest growth rate of 12.5% in 1977-1986. The contribution of aquaculture to the total fish production was equivalent to 24% in 1986 compared to only 85 in the early 1970's. In terms of quantity, the mariculture subsector registered the highest growth rate of 10.2% in 1982-1986, whereas in terms of value the brackishwater fishpond subsector showed the highest growth rate of 33%. Meanwhile, freshwater aquaculture production exhibited a negative growth rate due to reduction of activities in Laguna de Bay and the slow expansion in hectarage of the commercial freshwater fishponds. Research by several agencies concentrated heavily on the culture of milkfish (Chanos chanos), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Chinese carps (Aristichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), and sea bass (Lates calcarifer). Innovations in seaweed, oyster, and mussel farming are also discussed. Research directions are presented to assure an ecologically sustainable growth in aquaculture with emphasis on countryside development. -
Research on marine and freshwater fishes
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 1995)Most of the fish research at SEAFDEC AQD in 1992-1994 was on milkfish. Studies were conducted on year-round spawning through hormonal or environmental manipulation; optimum lipid and protein levels and ration size for captive broodstock; and the influence of spawner age on reproductive performance. The economics of hatchery operations, alone or integrated with broodstock as a commercial enterprise, was assessed. Mass production of larvae was refined with the use of commercial or SEAFDEC-formulated larval diets. Alternative rearing schemes in large tanks and ponds were tried. Hatcheryproduced and wild-caught larvae were compared in terms of growth and production in experimental nursery and grow-out ponds. Supplemental diets for brackishwater grow-out culture were formulated. Studies on broodstock management of grouper Epinephelus spp. included lipid enrichment of the diet and hormonal induction of sex inversion. Seed production techniques were developed but survival rates were low. Grouper culture was found economically feasible in experimental ponds with 'trash' fish as feed. The mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus was successfully induced to spawn with injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Initial larval rearing trials were successful but survival rates must be improved. Hormonal manipulation of spawning of the Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer allows seed production during most of the year. Photoperiod manipulation leads to maturation of females, but not males, beyond the natural breeding season (April-November). Nursery rearing of 9 mm juveniles is feasible in floating net cages with night lights that attract food zooplankton. The requirements of sea bass for lipid, protein, carbohydrates, and essential amino acids were determined. In the rabbitfish Siganus guttatus, weekly injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) sustains milt production for three weeks. Thyroid hormones injected into broodstocks improved the growth of larvae to day 7. Induced spawning techniques for the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus were refined by determining the seasonal responsiveness to LHRHa and pimozide injections and testing for pheromonal induction of spontaneous spawning. The optimum insemination rate was determined and egg hatchability was enhanced by removal of the adhesive coat before incubation. Several practical diets for catfish during grow-out culture were tested against 'trash' fish. The broodstock management for bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis was studied. Cage-reared juveniles from cage-reared broodstock showed the best growth. To improve the reproductive performance, the broodstock diets were supplemented with vitamins A, C, and E. Research on tilapias focused on genetics and strain selection. Several strain testing procedures for Nile tilapia were evaluated in their efficiency to detect economically important strain differences. Reference lines were developed from two existing red tilapia strains to measure and reduce the effects of uncontrolled nongenetic variables in strain evaluation experiments with Nile tilapia. The tolerance of two Nile tilapia strains to heavy metals was similar when gauged by the 24-hour and 96-hour lethal concentration and by fish growth, survival, and reproductive performance. In a separate study, four strains of red tilapia showed generally higher seed production when reared in tanks than in cages. Improvements in the feed and feeding management for Nile tilapia were also studied. Intensive tilapia farming and feeding have led to oxygen depletion and fish kills in Sampaloc Lake. To rehabilitate the lake, it is imperative to reduce the farming area from 30 to 6 hectares; stop the use of commercial feeds; and remove the water hyacinths and other debris. Fish kills in Laguna de Bay have also become serious in recent years, and a review of the occurrences, losses, and possible causes is currently being conducted. Studies on the epizootic ulcerative syndrome of snakeheads in Laguna de Bay have yet to pinpoint the pathogen. Skin lesions in tilapias in several ponds and lakes in the country were found to be due to bacteria. -
Series: JIRCAS Working Report;No. 35
Trends in cultivation management after the decline of prawn production in brackishwater aquaculture in the Philippines
(Japan International Center for Agricultural Sciences, 2003)A survey was conducted in Regions 1 (Ilocos), 3 (Central Luzon), 6 (Western Visayas) and 7 (Central Visayas) of the Philippines between 20 May and 25 July 2002. Questionnaires were distributed and interviews were performed during the study to establish the trends in cultivation management after the decline of prawn production in brackish water aquaculture. It was observed that the farm number in the four regions accounted for 67% of the total number of farms in the country.
