In observance of the Lenten season, please be advised of the following adjustments to our repository services:
- Effective Date: Afternoon of April 1, 2026
- Service Resumption: Monday, April 6, 2026
Our repository remains online for browsing; however, "Request a Copy" responses will be paused starting April 1, 2026 afternoon. Standard processing and responses will resume on April 6, 2026. Thank you for your patience!
Effect of stocking density and feed on the growth and survival of sea bass fry Lates Calcarifer (Bloch)
Share
抄録
The effect of two levels of stocking density (5 and 7 m-2) and the two types of feed [trash fish only (TF), and a mixed feed (MF) (mixture of 25% trash fish and 75% commercial pelleted feed)] on the growth, apparent food conversion ratio (FCR) and survival of the thirty-day old sea bass fry were investigated. The fry were stocked in 144 m2 earthen ponds and reared for 45 days. The result showed that, in general, the lower density increased but the MF decreased the survival, specific growth rate (SGR) and FCR of sea bass fry. Statistically, there was no significant effect of treatments on survival, whereas SGR and FCR affected differently. With TF, both were higher at 5 m-2 and lower at 7 m-2. With MF, SGR was higher at 5 m-2 than at 7 m-2 and the FCR was most efficient at 5 m-2 than at 7 m-2. There was no interaction between the type of feed and the stocking density. For the efficient utilization of feed, the TF+5 m-2 treatment was the best for rearing seabass to fingerlings.
Suggested Citation
Triño, A. T., & Bolivar, M. E. C. (1993). Effect of stocking density and feed on the growth and survival of sea bass fry Lates Calcarifer (Bloch). International Journal of Tropical Agriculture , 11(3), 163-167. http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1437
Type
ArticleISSN
0254-8755Collections
- Journal Articles [1267]
Related items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
-
Research on marine and freshwater fishes
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 1995)Most of the fish research at SEAFDEC AQD in 1992-1994 was on milkfish. Studies were conducted on year-round spawning through hormonal or environmental manipulation; optimum lipid and protein levels and ration size for captive broodstock; and the influence of spawner age on reproductive performance. The economics of hatchery operations, alone or integrated with broodstock as a commercial enterprise, was assessed. Mass production of larvae was refined with the use of commercial or SEAFDEC-formulated larval diets. Alternative rearing schemes in large tanks and ponds were tried. Hatcheryproduced and wild-caught larvae were compared in terms of growth and production in experimental nursery and grow-out ponds. Supplemental diets for brackishwater grow-out culture were formulated. Studies on broodstock management of grouper Epinephelus spp. included lipid enrichment of the diet and hormonal induction of sex inversion. Seed production techniques were developed but survival rates were low. Grouper culture was found economically feasible in experimental ponds with 'trash' fish as feed. The mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus was successfully induced to spawn with injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Initial larval rearing trials were successful but survival rates must be improved. Hormonal manipulation of spawning of the Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer allows seed production during most of the year. Photoperiod manipulation leads to maturation of females, but not males, beyond the natural breeding season (April-November). Nursery rearing of 9 mm juveniles is feasible in floating net cages with night lights that attract food zooplankton. The requirements of sea bass for lipid, protein, carbohydrates, and essential amino acids were determined. In the rabbitfish Siganus guttatus, weekly injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) sustains milt production for three weeks. Thyroid hormones injected into broodstocks improved the growth of larvae to day 7. Induced spawning techniques for the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus were refined by determining the seasonal responsiveness to LHRHa and pimozide injections and testing for pheromonal induction of spontaneous spawning. The optimum insemination rate was determined and egg hatchability was enhanced by removal of the adhesive coat before incubation. Several practical diets for catfish during grow-out culture were tested against 'trash' fish. The broodstock management for bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis was studied. Cage-reared juveniles from cage-reared broodstock showed the best growth. To improve the reproductive performance, the broodstock diets were supplemented with vitamins A, C, and E. Research on tilapias focused on genetics and strain selection. Several strain testing procedures for Nile tilapia were evaluated in their efficiency to detect economically important strain differences. Reference lines were developed from two existing red tilapia strains to measure and reduce the effects of uncontrolled nongenetic variables in strain evaluation experiments with Nile tilapia. The tolerance of two Nile tilapia strains to heavy metals was similar when gauged by the 24-hour and 96-hour lethal concentration and by fish growth, survival, and reproductive performance. In a separate study, four strains of red tilapia showed generally higher seed production when reared in tanks than in cages. Improvements in the feed and feeding management for Nile tilapia were also studied. Intensive tilapia farming and feeding have led to oxygen depletion and fish kills in Sampaloc Lake. To rehabilitate the lake, it is imperative to reduce the farming area from 30 to 6 hectares; stop the use of commercial feeds; and remove the water hyacinths and other debris. Fish kills in Laguna de Bay have also become serious in recent years, and a review of the occurrences, losses, and possible causes is currently being conducted. Studies on the epizootic ulcerative syndrome of snakeheads in Laguna de Bay have yet to pinpoint the pathogen. Skin lesions in tilapias in several ponds and lakes in the country were found to be due to bacteria. -
What are the latest developments in marine hatchery?
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2001) -
Netcage rearing of the Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) in brackishwater pond: The technical and economic efficiency of using high protein diets in fingerling production
(College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 2012)Intensification in the grow-out culture of high-value fish requires a large quantity of quality fingerlings. Fingerling production is a component of fish farming that comprises nursery and grow-out culture, and may be a commercial enterprise option for fish farmers with limited pond area. The nursery rearing of the Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) was conducted in netcages inside a brackishwater pond. The fish were fed with two isocaloric, high-protein diets formulated at the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC/AQD) and a control treatment: diets A (40.40% crude protein, CP) and B (46.17% CP), and trashfish (TF) as control. Hatchery-bred seabass early juveniles of two size groups (S1, 4.0 ± 0.2 g; S2, 2.40 ± 0.03 g) were stocked at 75–100 fish per m3 and given diets A or B at 6–10% of average body weight (ABW) d-1, or TF at apparent satiation. Seabass given the formulated diets attained the desired size (≥ 20–40 g) after 45 d but not the fish fed with trashfish. Size and treatments showed significant effects on final ABW, although no significant interaction between these factors was shown to affect body weight. As expected, S1 fish attained a significantly higher ABW (30.7 ± 18 g) compared with S2 fish (20.7 ± 11 g) regardless of diet treatment. Seabass fed with trashfish exhibited significantly lower final ABW (6.6 ±1.6 g) than those fed Diet A (33.4 ± 6.5 g) or Diet B (37.1 ± 9.4 g). Fish size did not have any significant effect on specific growth rate (SGR), but diet treatments did. SGR was significantly better when either Diet A (5.2 ± 0.30) or B (5.4 ± 0.20) was used compared with the SGR of seabass fed with trashfish (1.7 ± 0.5). Although size and treatment did not show significant interaction on fish survival, the use of bigger seabass resulted in higher survival (89 ± 11%) compared with smaller seabass (80 ± 11%). Regardless of size, similar survival was attained in seabass fed Diet A (89 ± 6%) or B (95 ± 5%), significantly higher than that in seabass given trashfish (72 ± 6%). An interaction between size at stocking and diet treatment significantly affected protein efficiency ratio (PER). When S1 fish was used, diets A and B gave similar PER. However, when S2 fish was used, diet A gave significantly higher PER (2.49 ± 0.02) among the treatments (P < 0.05). Regardless of size, significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed in the mean production cost, revenue and income among the three diet treatments. Moreover, post hoc analysis using Tukey’s HSD test further showed that use of diet B resulted in significantly higher revenue (PhP25,132.80) and income (PhP12,597.47) compared with the two other treatments. Trashfish treatment gave the least revenue (PhP 9,525.60) and negative income (- PhP 1,798.40). Production cost was not significantly different between diets A and B. Hence, diet B is the most economically viable and productive diet treatment. The low break-even price of fingerlings obtained for diet B showed that selling price can still be reduced to lower production cost in grow-out farming.
