Milkfish culture and artificial propagation
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Abstract
Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region and one of the most extensively cultured fish in Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, Indonesia and Taiwan, over 400,000 hectares of brackishwater ponds and freshwater bodies are used to culture milkfish for food and as baitfish.
In recent years, various culture methods have been developed to increase production per unit pond area. These include: 1) improved methods of pond fertilization, 2) stock manipulation, 3) adoption of deepwater pond systems and 4) supplemental feeding.
Fry needed to stock milkfish ponds come largely from the wild. Fluctuation in fry supply due to seasonal, climatic and biological factors however has been partly responsible for the slow growth of the milkfish industry. To augment and stabilize the fry supply, efforts to breed milkfish in captivity were initiated in several institutions. These efforts have resulted in: (1) development of induced spawning techniques by hypophysation and administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRH-A); (2) spontaneous maturation and spawning of captive milkfish; (3) hormonal induction of gonad development; and (4) development of larval rearing techniques.
While milkfish culture has considerably improved and artificial propagation has been achieved, numerous problems still have to be addressed particularly those related to (1) the development of new culture techniques and (2) controlled breeding.
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Conference paperKoleksi
- Conference Proceedings [300]
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Series: Aquaculture extension manual; No. 25
The modular method: Milkfish pond culture
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 1999)The modular method of milkfish culture (Chanos chanos) described in the manual is an improvement over the traditional extensive method. The manual is intended for the use of fish farmers and aquaculturists, extensionists, and students of aquaculture not only in the Philippines, but also in other milkfish-producing countries in Southeast Asia and the world. It covers the following: Interesting facts about milkfish -- biological characteristics, artificial breeding of milkfish; Design and operation of modular pond system -- pond preparation, stocking in the nursery or transition ponds, stocking in the rearing ponds, care of stock, pond utilization and production schedule, harvest and post-harvest; and, Economics and costing. -
Evaluation of organic and inorganic fertilizers in brackishwater milkfish ponds
(Elsevier, 1989)The study was conducted in twelve 144-m2 ponds to evaluate the effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth, survival, gross production, and profitability of marketable milkfish. The following treatments were used: Treatment I, SEAFDEC traditional fertilization practice (16-20-0 at 50 kg/ha and 45-0-0 at 15 kg/ha); Treatment II, half-dosage of Treatment I; Treatment III, chicken manure at 0.5 ton/ha; and Treatment IV, MASA (processed from agricultural and industrial wastes) fertilizer at 0.5 ton/ha. All treatments were applied once in every 2 weeks. No significant difference (P > 0.05) existed in the harvest and production of milkfish among the treatments. However, economic indicators such as return-on-investment (ROI), payback period, and marginal analysis ranked the performance of the fertilizer treatments in the order of I, II, III and IV. Fish kills occurred in three ponds applied with chicken manure and MASA fertilizer. This could have been due to a heavy build-up of organic matter in the pond bottom which led to the collapse of the benthic algal community, depletion of dissolved oxygen and the presence of hydrogen sulfide. It is therefore suggested that a lower dosage of organic fertilizer should be applied in ponds especially during the rainy season. -
Milkfish breeding and hatchery technology at SEAFDEC/AQD
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 1999)Describes the techniques already adopted by the private sector: broodstock management, broodstock diet, commercial fry production, live transport, and larval diet. A list of AQD research publications on milkfish is included.
