Journal Articles, Conference Papers and Book Chapters by SEAFDEC Staff: Recent submissions

Now showing items 841-860 of 1693

    • Food selection of early grouper, Epinephelus coioides, larvae reared by the semi-intensive method 

      Toledo, Joebert D.; Golez, Salvacion N.; Doi, Masanori; Ohno, Atsushi (Japan Aquaculture Society, 1997)
      The grouper, Epinephelus coioides, larvae were reared in outdoor tanks with nauplii of copepods and/or rotifers, Brachionus rotundiformis as food. Nauplii propagated in tanks consisted mainly of Pseudodiaptomus annandalei and Acartia tsuensis. Gut content was examined for a total of 953 larvae sampled from day 3 to day 10 (day of hatching being day 0) . Grouper larvae successfully started feeding on early stage nauplii even if their abundance was as low as ca. 100 ind./l and showed better survival and growth thereafter compared to those fed with rotifers only. Feeding incidence reached 100% on day 4 when nauplii were available and only on day 9 when rotifers were given alone. Selective feeding ability of larvae seemed to start from day 4 and the larvae thereafter preferred to feed on medium- and large-size nauplii than rotifers. Coastal calanoid copepods of the genera Pseudodiaptomus and Acartia could be reproduced in tanks and their nauplii can be used as food for marine fish larval rearing.

    • World wide aquaculture drug and vaccine registration progress 

      Schnick, R. A.; Alderman, D. J.; Armstrong, R.; le Gouvello, R.; Ishihara, S.; Lacierda, E. C.; Percival, S.; Roth, M. (European Association of Fish Pathologists, 1997)
      Harmonisation of the most important standards and guidelines required in each country. A start has been shown to be made in developing an international effort toward aquaculture drug approvals and vaccine licensure and toward establishing harmonised guidelines and standards for facilitating registrations world-wide.

    • Growth and reproductive performance of the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) fed artificial diets 

      Santiago, Corazon B.; Gonzal, A. C. (Blackwell Publishing, 1997)
      Four natural ingredient diets similar in nutrient composition (crude protein = 42–44%; P/E ratio = 115–120 mg/kcal) but different in protein sources, were formulated and fed to hatchery-reared catfish to measure the relative performance of the catfish fed alternative broodstock diets. The control feed was a combination of fish-by-catch and commercial fish pellets. In trial I, growth of the catfish was slow over a 36-week period, but some fish became gravid. Diets 1, 2, and 3 and the control feed were tested in trial II. Growth of fish did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) and female fish in all treatments became gravid. For fish induced to spawn from April to August (1994), hatching rate showed significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). Relative fecundity, fertilization and hatching rates, and production of 3-day-old larvae were significantly different among fish induced to spawn in November (1994) when another incubation setup was used. Among the diets, diets 2 and 3 best enhanced reproductive performance of the catfish.

    • Semi-mass culture of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens as a live food source for the initial feeding of marine finfish larvae 

      Rodriguez, Eduard M.; Hirayama, Kazutsugu (Springer Verlag, 1997)
      A technique was developed for the semi-mass culture of the unarmored dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium splendens under laboratory conditions. A maximum cell density of 4600 to 6800 cells ml−1 was observed within 8 to 11 days of culture. An initial feeding test for 8 days with three important marine finfish larvae showed that red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara preferred G. splendens fed 200 cells ml−1 with 44% survival. The Japanese stripe knife jaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus, attained 22% survival fed a combination of G. splendens and rotifers (200 cells ml−1 and 5 ind. ml−1, respectively). Red sea bream, Pagrus major larvae did not respond well to the initial feeding of G. splendens alone. Red sea bream were observed to be solely dependent on rotifers (5 ind. ml−1) as initial food. Gymnodinium splendens may be used as a live food in the initial feeding of red spotted grouper larvae (E. akaara) to reduce mortality and to further enhance growth during the critical first few days of rearing.

    • Laboratory manipulation of Gracilariopsis bailinae Zhang et Xia (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) 

      Rabanal, S. F.; Azanza, R.; Hurtado-Ponce, A. (Walter de Gruyter, 1997)
      Carpospore germination, carposporeling development and tetraspore formation were investigated in Gracilariopsis bailinae Zhang et Xia by manipulating photoperiod, photon flux density, temperature, salinity and nutrients. Laboratory-generated sporelings attained mean growth rate from 4.05 to 10.31% d-1 during the first week of incubation. Duncan s multiple range test (DMRT) showed that growth rates were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the treatment combinations and between weekly intervals. The optimal condition for growth of sporelings, irrespective of culture age, was attained at treatment combinations of 26°C, 11:13 (h. L:D) photoperiod, 100 µEm-2s-1 photon flux density (PFD), 25 µM NH4Cl: 2.5 µM K2HPO4 and 25ppt salinity followed by a treatment combination of 26°C, 11:13 (h. L:D) photoperiod, 100 µEm-2s-1 photon flux density (PFD), 50 µM NH4Cl: 5 µM K2HPO4 and 25 ppt salinity. For the first time in this species, tetraspore formation was induced in the laboratory. The tetrasporophyte produced many tetraspores in almost all branches of the thallus grown at 26°C, 11:13 (h. L:D) photoperiod, 100 µEm-2 s-1, 25 µM NH4Cl: 2.5 µM K2HPO4 and at 30 ppt salinity while those grown at lower light, higher nutrient level and higher salinity had fewer tetraspores. No tetraspores were formed at a higher temperature (30°C), longer photoperiod (13:11 h. L:D), and at 25 ppt salinity and the plants remained vegetative from 4 to 7 months. Logistic regression analysis showed that tetrasporangial induction was significantly affected by nutrients and salinity (P < 0.05).

    • Mariculture development and livelihood diversification in the Philippines 

      Salayo, Nerissa D.; Perez, Maripaz L.; Garces, Len R.; Pido, Michael D. (Elsevier, 2012)
      This paper aims to evaluate mariculture as sustainable livelihood diversification option for coastal fishers in the Philippines and guide policy development in this direction. Mariculture in the Philippines refers to the culture of finfishes, shellfish, seaweeds and other commodities in cages, pens, stakes and rafts in marine environment. This paper evaluates the biophysical and socioeconomic contexts in which mariculture operate. Ten years after launching the first mariculture park organized and managed by the country's government fishery agency, and the nationwide promotion of this program, only 273 ha or 0.54% of the 50,150 ha total area planned for development has been established. Mariculture has not met its expected results due to a number of problems. This paper revisits the policies, organization, governance and administration of mariculture parks in the country. It also discusses the issues and challenges with mariculture as a livelihood diversification option within the context of ecosystems approach to fisheries management in the Philippines.

    • Induction of sex change in female Epinephelus coioides by social control 

      Quinitio, Gerald F.; Caberoy, Nora B.; Reyes, Deogracias M., Jr. (Society of Israeli Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology, 1997)
      Mature female groupers (Epinephelus coioides) of different sizes were stocked in three floating net cages (2 fishes each) and in tanks (2-4 fishes) to induce sex change in the bigger female grouper after isolation from the original group. All the bigger fish (initial body weight 5.0-6.1 kg) in the floating net cages changed into males by the end of the experiment, while the smaller ones (initial body weight 4.5-5.2 kg) remained female. The fastest sex change was in cage 1 where the bigger fish had atretic oocytes one month after stocking and was milting after four months. In the other cages, milt production in the bigger fish was observed 6-10 months after stocking. In the tank-reared groupers, the biggest fish (initial body weight 6.4 kg) in the tank with four fishes was found to be milting about two months after stocking while the smaller fishes (initial body weight 3.4-4.0 kg) were still females. The fishes started to spawn two months later. In another tank that was stocked with two females, no sex change was observed in the bigger fish even 16 months after stocking. These results indicate that female groupers can be sexually changed into male by social control at the shortest period of four months in floating net cages and two months in tanks. However, there may be cases wherein sex change will not occur.

    • Socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture 

      Primavera, Jurgenne ORCID (Blackwell Publishing, 1997)
      Farmed shrimp contributed 27% of total world shrimp production in 1995 with a volume of 712 000 tonnes. Undoubtedly, the shrimp culture industry earns valuable foreign exchange for developing countries and generates jobs across the industry from fry gatherers to growers and processors. However, grave socio-economic consequences – including conversion, expropriation and privatization of mangroves and other lands; salinization of water and soil; decline in food security; marginalization of coastal communities, unemployment and urban migration; and social conflicts – have followed in the wake of, shrimp farm development in the Philippines and other tropical countries. The paper focuses on mangrove ecosystems: the valuation and cost-benefit analysis of their goods and services, and the mangrove-offshore fisheries connection. Research gaps in these areas and the need to internalize the ecological and socio-economic costs (‘externalities’) of shrimp farming are highlighted. Other recommendations include mangrove conservation and rehabilitation, enforcement of existing legislation, and introduction of environment-friendly aquaculture within the broader framework of community-based, integrated coastal area management, e.g. the traditional, extensive polyculture ponds in Indonesia.

    • Fish predation on mangrove-associated penaeids: The role of structures and substrate 

      Primavera, J. H. (Elsevier, 1997)
      The effect of habitat structure and substratum on predation of the greasyback shrimp Metapenaeus ensis (De Haan), white shrimp Penaeus merguiensis De Man and tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius by sea bass Lates calcarifer Bloch and mangrove snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal) was evaluated. The shrimp juveniles measured 6–15 mm in carapace length; fish measured 6.5–12.5 cm in standard length; structure types were pneumatophores of the mangrove Sonneratia griffithii Kurz and dried coconut leaf bracts; structure densities were 0, 32 and 98 pneumatophores per tank; and sediment particle sizes were pebbles, sand-granules and silt–sand. Predation on shrimp was significantly higher in controls or bare sand (48.7%) than among pneumatophores (29.9%), but not among leaf bracts (43.5%). Shrimp mortality was also significantly higher on bare sand (72.9%) compared to medium-density (54.2%), but not high-density (68.8%), pneumatophores. Fish predation on the burying shrimp M. ensis was affected by predator type but not by sediment size. The generally higher predation rates of snapper may be due to their habit of leaving unconsumed pieces of shrimp, whereas sea bass which devour whole prey require fewer shrimp to reach satiation. Moreover, the presence of structures did not affect sea bass behaviour of chasing prey among pneumatophores and under leaf bracts, but reduced predation by the relatively passive snapper. Predation rates among pneumatophores vs. control, and among medium-density pneumatophores vs. bare sand, were lower for P. monodon but not P. merguiensis. This may be related to the greater and more frequent use of (laboratory) shelters by juvenile tiger shrimp compared to white shrimp. The results demonstrate that the effective provision of shelter depends not only on structure type and density but on the behaviour of predator and prey as well. The use of mangrove structures (pneumatophores) by juvenile shrimp as refuge from predation is also documented for the first time.

    • Low-cost feed for Penaeus monodon reared in tanks and under semi-intensive and intensive conditions in brackishwater ponds 

      Millamena, Oseni M.; Triño, Avelino T. (Elsevier, 1997)
      Experimental diets for juvenile Penaeus monodon were formulated incorporating inexpensive indigenous raw materials. Local fish meal and cowpea meal were tested as replacements for imported protein sources and the diets did not contain vitamin and mineral premixes as supplements. Their effect on shrimp growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio were assessed under laboratory conditions. Best weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio were obtained in the diet with 75% replacement of protein from imported fish meal with local fish meal. This diet was field-tested in brackishwater ponds at three stocking densities: 5, 10, and 20 shrimp m−2. Results of two experimental runs in ponds showed that shrimp growth and survival was best at the lowest stocking density (5 m−2) and poorest at the highest stocking density (20 m−2) when 3% of shrimp became soft-shelled. Net pond production for 2 crops ha−1 year−1 were 1.87, 2.58, and 3.66 t ha−1 at 5, 10, and 20 m−2 stocking density. Cost-benefit analysis revealed a net return on investment (ROI) of 133, 58, 26% and payback periods of 0.7, 1.6, 4.0 years at stocking densities of 5, 10, 20 m−2, respectively. The low-cost feed, valued at P17 (US$0.70) kg−1, can effectively support pond production of P. monodon at a stocking rate of 5–10 m−2.

    • Threonine requirement of juvenile marine shrimp Penaeus monodon 

      Millamena, Oseni M.; Bautista, Myrna N.; Reyes, Ofelia S.; Kanazawa, A. (Elsevier, 1997)
      The threonine requirement was determined for juvenile marine shrimp. Penaeus monodon postlarvae, PL20, were stocked in 30-1 fiberglass tanks at ten shrimp per tank arranged in a completely randomized design with six replicates per treatment. They were fed amino acid test diets (40% protein) with casein-gelatin as natural protein sources and supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to simulate the amino acid profile of shrimp muscle except for threonine. Graded levels of threonine were incorporated to obtain 0.72, 1.0, 1.28, 1.56, 1.84, and 2.12 g per 100 g diet or 1.8, 2.5, 3.2, 3.9, 4.6, and 5.3% of dietary protein. Relationship of weight gain with dietary threonine level was analyzed by the quadratic regression method to derive the threonine requirement. Results showed that the quantitative threonine requirement for growth is 1.4% of the diet or 3.5% of dietary protein. This requirement for growth conforms with the threonine level in the shrimp muscle.

    • Resistance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) experimental infection following ingestion of natural and synthetic carotenoids 

      Amar, Edgar C. ORCID; Akutsu, Tetsuya; Satoh, Shuichi; Watanabe, Takeshi (Elsevier, 2012)
      Further to previous studies showing modulation of innate immune responses by dietary carotenoids, an experiment was conducted to examine the resistance to a viral pathogen in rainbow trout after oral ingestion of synthetic or natural carotenoids. Rainbow trout fry weighing 0.11 g on average (n = 30) were fed casein-based semi-purified diets supplemented with 100 mg carotenoids kg− 1 diet for 6 weeks. The synthetic sources tested were pure β-carotene, astaxanthin, and canthaxanthin, whereas the natural sources were Dunaliella salina, Phaffia rhodozyma, Tagetes erecta, and Capsicum annuum. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth and feed performance were found among the groups after 6 weeks of feeding. Subsequently, fish were challenged by immersion in two concentrations (2 × 103 and 2 × 104 TCID50 ml− 1) of a virulent strain of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and cumulative mortalities were recorded over a 30-day period. No significant differences in survival (P > 0.05) were found among the groups when challenged with the high viral dose. However, at the lower viral dose, mortality was markedly reduced in fish fed astaxanthin (22%). Consequently, this group exhibited the highest relative percent survival (RPS) of 58%, which was significantly different from the control (P < 0.05). Rainbow trout fed D. salina and T. erecta among the natural sources, had reduced mortality rates and elevated RPS that, nonetheless, did not significantly differ from the control. This study highlights the influence of carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin, in maintaining fish health and disease resistance.

    • Polyculture of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal) and the red seaweed Gracilariopsis bailinae (Zhang et Xia) in brackish water earthen ponds 

      Guanzon, Nicolas G., Jr.; de Castro-Mallare, Teresa R.; Lorque, Felizardo M. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2004)
      Growth, net production, and survival rates of milkfish cultured with Gracilariopsis bailinae at two stocking density combinations (T1– 30 fingerlings 100-m−2 pond+1-kg G. bailinae 4-m−2 net cage, T2– 30 fingerlings 100-m−2 pond+2-kg G. bailinae 4-m−2 net cage) in brackish water earthen ponds over four culture periods were determined. The control (T3) was stocked at 30 fingerlings 100-m−2 pond. Specific growth and production rates of G. bailinae were also calculated. There were no significant differences in mean growth, survival, and net production rates of milkfish between the three treatments. Irrespective of stocking singly or in combination with G. bailinae, significantly higher mean growth and mean production rates for milkfish were obtained during the third culture period of year 1 than those obtained from the other culture periods. Survival rates were not significantly different among the four culture periods. There were no significant differences in mean specific growth and mean net production rates between the two stocking densities of G. bailinae. Significantly higher mean specific growth and mean net production rates of red seaweed were also obtained during the third culture period of year 1 than those obtained from other culture periods. The production of milkfish and red seaweed was higher during the dry season. Growth rates of milkfish was positively correlated with temperature and salinity, while net production rates were positively correlated with temperature and total rainfall, but was inversely correlated with dissolved oxygen. G. bailinae growth and net production rates were positively correlated with water temperature and salinity. Results show that milkfish can be polycultured with G. bailinae grown in net cages in brackish water ponds at stocking density combination of 30 fingerlings 100-m−2 pond+1-kg G. bailinae 4-m−2 net cage.

    • Notes on the induced spawning, embryonic and larval development of the window-pane shell, Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758), in the laboratory 

      Madrones-Ladja, Jocelyn A. (Elsevier, 1997)
      Intragonadal injection of 0.5 ml of a 2-mM serotonin solution or seawater irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) light (925–1395 mW h/l) induced spawning in male and female window-pane shell, Placuna placenta (Linnaeus, 1758). Generally, mature shells spawned 15–30 min after serotonin injection or 30–60 min after exposure to UV light-irradiated seawater. The average number of eggs released per female were 1.57 × 106 and 1.24 × 106, for serotonin and UV light-irradiated seawater, respectively. The method using UV light-irradiated seawater is simpler to perform than serotonin injection into the gonads and can be applied to both individual- and mass-spawning experiments. Spawned eggs averaged 56 ± 5 μm in diameter and fertilization was 100% successful. After fertilization, the polar body formed after 15 min and trochophores were observed actively moving in 325 min. Embryonic development was completed in less than 6 h. Straight-hinged veligers with mean shell length (SL) of 84 ± 18 μm appeared in the cultures 18–20 h after fertilization. Fed daily with microalgae Isoschrysis galbana (Parke), the larvae developed to early umbo on the second day of culture when SL was 103 ± 17 μm, while late-umbonal veligers of SL 145 ± 21 μm appeared on the seventh day. Crawling pediveligers were observed on day 9 when SL reached 205 ± 15 μm. Newly metamorphosed larvae appeared on the 14th day when SL of 238 ± 9 μm was reached. The survival rate at metamorphosis was 13%. The duration of the planktonic larval stages of P. placenta was about 14 d.

    • Developmental trends in the mouthparts during growth from juvenile to adult of the tropical freshwater crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus von Martens, 1868 (Decapoda: Parastacidae) 

      Loya-Javellana, Gilda N.; Fielder, Donald R. (International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 1997)
      The structure and setal armature of the mouthparts of Cherax quadricarinatus during development from juvenile to adult were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Significant general transformations include increases in the overall size of the appendages and their component segments or processes, and increases in the number and variety of setal types on the margins and surfaces. Conspicuous transformations that occurred on specific sites of the mouthparts were changes in: (a) the size and shape of third maxilliped and mandibular teeth from canine-like to incisor-shaped or a mixture of somewhat incisor-shaped and canine-like; (b) the setal types replacing other types previously borne on the same site; and (c) the degree of occurrence of the denticulated setae on the 45 mm TL juvenile and adult stages. The implications of these mouthpart transformations on the feeding ability of the early juveniles, late juveniles, and adults are discussed, with mention of the potential ability of the redclaw for suspension feeding. Types of food appropriate for each stage were inferred.

    • Effect of salinity on survival of Metapenaeus anchistus juveniles and subadults 

      Lebata, Ma. Junemie Hazel L. ORCID; Primavera, Jurgenne ORCID (University of the Philippines in the Visayas, 1997)
      Survival of Metapenaeus anchistus (De Man) juveniles and subadults at 5, 15, 25, 35 (control) and 45 ppt salinity levels was determined and compared. Salinity levels lower than 35 ppt level were prepared by diluting pure seawater with tap water (OPPT) while 45 ppt level was prepared by diluting 85 ppt water with tap water. Survival was observed at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 h after stocking and every 12 hours thereafter until 96 h. Shrimp survival was highest at 35 ppt (P<0.01); differences among treatments were first observed at 2 h after exposure with some shrimps dying at 5 ppt. At the end of the experiment, survival was highest at 35 ppt (100%), followed by 25 and 45 ppt (90 and 80%, respectively), 15 ppt (50%) and 5 ppt (0%).

    • The interactive effect of some environmental factors on the growth, agar yield and quality of Gracilariopsis bailinae (Zhang et Xia) cultured in tanks 

      Hurtado-Ponce, A. Q.; Pondevida, H. B. (Walter de Gruyter, 1997)
      The single and interactive effects of light and temperature, salinity, and urea enrichment on the growth and agar yield and quality of Gracilariopsis bailinae were determined under indoor and outdoor tank conditions. Culture period was 6 weeks. Growth rate reached its peak on the second week in all culture conditions and gradually decreased towards the end of the culture period. Higher growth rates were obtained in seaweed cultured in outdoor (0.27-1.12% day-1) than in indoor (0.21-0.72% day-1) tanks; with urea enrichment and lower salinity levels (15-25ppt). A significant interactive effect was demonstrated between and among the environmental parameters on the growth of the seaweed. Highest gel strength (870 g cm-1) and lowest sulfate content (3.1 µg mg-1) were obtained at 25ppt, without urea enrichment and in indoor tanks. A significant interactive effect of light intensity and temperature-urea enrichment was ascertained on agar yield; also of light intensity and temperature-salinity on gel strength and sulfate content. Positive and negative correlation was likewise established between agar properties.

    • Growth rate, yield and economics of Gracilariopsis bailinae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) using fixed bottom long-line method 

      Hurtado-Ponce, A. Q.; Agbayani, Renato F.; Samonte-Tan, G. PB. (Science and Technology Information Institute, 1997)
      Vegetative thalli of Gracilariopsis bailinae weighing 10 g each were tied to a 5-m monofilament line with plastic strips and laid horizontally on the substrate and were observed to grow at 30 d interval for 9 months. The monthly growth rate and yield were determined and a cost and return analysis of the culture system was made. The monthly growth rate of the seaweed was significantly different (P=0.05) over culture month. The highest average growth rate was 6.7 percent/day while the lowest was 1.7 percent. The lowest and highest average yield (dry wt) was 72 g and 660 g m-2 mo-1, respectively. A capital asset of P1,680, working capital of P2,980, and annual production cost of P5,860 were calculated from the culture system. An annual net returns of P31,292 was computed based on a 1,000 m2 area. Return on investment is 671.50 percent while payback period is 1.7 months.

    • Morphological abnormalities in hatchery-bred milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) fry and juveniles 

      Hilomen-Garcia, Grace V. (Elsevier, 1997)
      Morphological abnormality has been observed in hatchery-bred milkfish juveniles. To characterize and quantify the occurrence of these anomalies, hatchery-bred milkfish juveniles from commercial nursery ponds were sampled, and the development of abnormalities in tank-reared fry and juveniles was monitored. Small specimens were cleared and stained using a KOH-alizarin technique for osteological examination. The occurrence of gross abnormalities in hatchery-bred milkfish juveniles reared in commercial ponds was highly variable (3–26%). These abnormalities were predominantly a cleft on the branchiostegal membrane (CBM) and a deformed operculum (DOp), which was mostly folded. CBM was commonly associated with a deformity or the partial to total absence of its supporting branchiostegal rays (DABr). DOp and DABr, but not CBM, were first detected during the early juvenile stage. Reference samples of wild fry did not develop similar proportions of abnormalities when reared in tanks, indicating that these abnormalities are predetermined or induced before the fry stage. Slow growth and development were observed in fish with opercular and branchiostegal abnormalities. A high mortality rate (70%) of abnormal fish was also observed after handling and transfer of stock. These results demonstrate that morphological abnormalities such as CBM and DOp do not only affect the appearance of milkfish but also interfere with its growth and survival.

    • Influence of pyrite oxidation and soil acidification on some essential nutrient elements. 

      Golez, Nelson V.; Kyuma, Kazutake (Aquacultural Engineering Society (AES), 1997)
      Influence of soil acidification on some essential nutrient elements was observed experimentally during periodic leaching at 10-day intervals of pyritic soil materials. Pyritic soil in glass columns saturated with distilled water was treated under waterlogged or submerged and drained conditions. Waterlogged was inundated and had overlying water of 2-cm depth above soil surface. Extremely acidic soil conditions, caused mainly by oxidation of pyrite (FeS2), led to other serious problems. Results showed that strong acidification of soils influenced the solubility and availability of some nutrients. The loss of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) was enhanced by acidification. Intense acid conditions also dissolved manganese (Mn), high amounts of which would lead to toxicity problems in plants and animals. As oxidation progressed, soil acidification increased and depressed availability of phosphorous (P), thereby, leading to the deficiency of this nutrient. Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) were leached out rapidly in both treatments regardless of soil acidification. The common problems associated with acid soil formation from oxidation of pyrite are fish mortalities and very poor response of the soil to phosphorous fertilization. For idle land or areas abundant in pyritic materials, soil acidification can be avoided by inundation with water to a depth of 2–3 cm, rather than draining and exposure, which lead to the formation of acid sulfate soil. Periodic leaching was found effective in reducing soil acidity although some essential nutrients were also removed. Therefore, fertilization during amendments is found to be of necessity.