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    Development of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture using sea cucumber

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    Date
    2017
    Author
    Watanabe, Satoshi
    Kodama, Masashi
    Sumbing, Joemel G.
    Lebata-Ramos, Ma. Junemie Hazel
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    Abstract
    In Southeast Asian countries, aquaculture production continues to increase. Environmental deterioration associated with water and sediment eutrophication by aquaculture effluent has been problematic, sometimes resulting in disease outbreaks and fish kills due to hypoxia and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is one of the promising measures for sustainable aquaculture. In this study, a box model estimation of nitrogen (N) budget based on experimental data and values from literature was made for a system of sandfish (Holothuria scabra) in sea cage IMTA with milkfish (Chanos chanos) and Elkhorn sea moss (Kappaphycus alvarezii).

    Information on stocking density, stocking size, mortality, growth, feed ration, feed assimilation, NH4-N production and NH4-N absorption of these species was obtained from a series of experiments and existing literature. In the production system 26 g milkfish were cultured in a 5 x 5 x 4 m cage at the stocking density of 36.7 ind/m3 with the initial feeding ration of 10% of body weight which was gradually decreased to 4% over time; 10 g sandfish were cultured in a cage with the same bottom area as milkfish cage hanged under the milkfish cage to trap particulate N waste (i.e. feces and leftover feed) at the stocking density of 35 ind/m2; the stocking weight of Elkhorn sea moss line culture was 10 kg; culturing period was 200 days.

    It was estimated that milkfish culture cumulatively produced 145 kg of particulate N, and milkfish and sandfish together produced 60 kg of NH4-N in 200 days of culture. Daily assimilation rate of the particulate N by sandfish ranged 3.4 - 12.4%, and 4.3% of the particulate N was estimated to be removed by sandfish in 200 days of culture. Daily absorption rate of NH4-N by Elkhorn sea moss increased exponentially with time and reached 100% after 125 days of culture. Cumulative NH4-N was estimated to be depleted after 162 days of culture. For complete utilization of particulate N by the end of culture, sandfish stocking density should be 805 ind/m2, which is 200 times as high as that in existing sandfish aquaculture operations.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10862/3447
    Citation
    Watanabe, S., Kodama, M., Sumbing, J. G., & Lebata-Ramos, M. J. H. (2017). Development of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture using sea cucumber. In K. Gruenthal, P. Olin, M. Rust, & E. Trentacoste (Eds.), Genetics in Aquaculture: Proceedings of the 42nd U.S.-Japan Aquaculture Panel Symposium, La Jolla, CA, October 1, 2014 (pp. 80-87). Silver Spring, MD: United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service.
    Publisher
    United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service
    Series
    NOAA technical memorandum; NMFS-F/SPO-168
    Subject
    Sea cucumber culture; Milkfish culture; Marine aquaculture; Adsorption; Sea cucumbers; Holothuria scabra; Chanos chanos; Kappaphycus alvarezii
    Type
    Conference paper
    Collections
    • Conference Proceedings [283]

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      Post-larval rearing strategies in sandish (Holothuria scabra) culture 

      MF Nievales, R Sibonga & H Figurado - In MRR Romana-Eguia, FD Parado-Estepa, ND Salayo & MJH Lebata-Ramos (Eds.), Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia: Challenges in Responsible Production … International Workshop on Resource Enhancement and Sustainable Aquaculture Practices in Southeast Asia 2014 (RESA), 2015 - Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
      Various post-larval rearing methods were compared to determine which scheme would give the most yield of newly settled (visible) juvenile stage (> 1mm body length). Five types of postlarval rearing methods were tested: T1- planktonic diatom only (Chaetoceros calcitrans, Cc), T2-benthic diatom Navicula (Nsp) as biofilm and concentrate, T3- Navicula as biofilm + Cc, T4Spirulina as paste on settling plate + Cc, and T5- Spirulina (Sp) as paste on settling plates + Nsp concentrate. An experiment was conducted in small (3-li) aquaria using a cohort of Day 14 (postfertilization) sandfish larvae. Simultaneously, three of the 5 post-larval rearing methods (i.e. T2, T3 and T4) were done in medium scale (30-li) aquaria to determine how a conventional method (T2) employed in a pilot sea cucumber hatchery in Central Philippines compared with method observed in Viet Nam (T3) or with a hybrid method (T4). Visible post-settled juveniles were counted weekly for the next three weeks and expressed as percentage yield. After three days of rearing, transparent but visible early settled juveniles were observed. Mean percentage (%) juvenile yield in week 1 was highest in T1 (Cc only)(17% + 1.3) followed by T3 (Sp + Cc) (14% + 1.6) in a 3 li scale. Yield increased and peaked in week 2 especially for rearing methods with Nsp while those without (e.g T1 and T2) declined dramatically by week 3. In the 30-li scale, the highest mean yield was consistent with T5 (Nsp + Cc) until Week 3 (12% + 11.2). The mean juvenile yield on the 2nd and 3rd week were better than the 2% average for this stage or the 2.5% benchmark based on experiences in the Philippines and Viet Nam as indicated in published references.

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