Voluntary feed intake and energy partitioning in tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets with different protein/energy levels
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of different protein/energy levels of diets (two commercial and one laboratory) on voluntary feed intake and energy partitioning in tilapia (O. niloticus), 15 fishes with an initial body mass of 33 g were reared individually in respirometric chambers for 42 days and offered 3 diets ad libitum. The protein contents of the diets were 36.1, 33.8 and 36.8% (dry matter base); the energy content 18.9, 18.4 and 19.2 kJ GE/g and 11.7, 10.5 and 15.4 kJ ME/g. The initial body composition and energy content was estimated from a control group. Feed consumption was recorded for each individual fish. Body mass development was monitored weekly. At the end of the experiment, the fishes were sacrificed and their chemical composition (protein as N.6.25, lipid, ash) and gross energy content were determined. To establish energy budgets, ingestion (I) was calculated from feed intake, retention (P) from accretion in the carcass, heat production (R) from oxygen consumption (indirect calorimetry) and apparently non-utilized energy (faecal and non-faecal losses, U) by difference from energy ingestion.
In the beginning, food consumption amounted to ~5% body mass equivalent (BME) per day for all groups and gradually decreased to 2.5, 2.8 and 1.6% BME by the end of the experiment. While the food consumption was significantly different between the treatments, there were no significant differences in the body mass development. Average final body mass was 98.6, 93.8 and 103.7 g. Energy retention was 29.7, 29.2 and 44.4% of GE ingested; heat dissipation 32.1, 27.9 and 36.0%; faecal and non-faecal losses 38.2, 43.2 and 19.6%. For all energy budget parameters, values for the laboratory diet were significantly different from those of commercial feeds 1 and 2. Calculation of metabolizable energy from ingested feed revealed no significant differences in the energy uptake, suggesting that the voluntary feed uptake was controlled by the demand for metabolizable energy. The fishes were able to completely compensate for the lower ME content of the commercial feeds by increasing voluntary feed intake.
Source
In: Chwalibog, A., Jakobsen, K. (Eds.). Energy Metabolism in Animals. Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Energy Metabolism in Animals, 11-16 September 2000, Snekkersten, Denmark. EAAP Publication No. 103. pp. 181-184
Publisher
Wageningen PersSubject
Type
Conference paperCollections
- Conference Proceedings [284]
Related items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
-
Conference paper
Growth response and carcass composition of red tilapia fry fed diets with varying protein levels and protein to energy ratios
- In SS De Silva (Ed.), Fish Nutrition Research in Asia. Proceedings of the Fourth Asian Fish Nutrition Workshop, 3-8 September 1990, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India, 1991 - Asian Fisheries SocietyAn 8-week feeding experiment was conducted with red tilapia (Oreochromis ) fry of 0.160 plus or minus 0.035 g initial weight. Twelve diets of 4 protein levels (25, 30, 35 and 40%) and 3 protein to energy (P/E) ratios (111, 100 and 80 mg protein/kcal) at each protein level were used. The highest growth was attained by fry fed a 40% protein diet with a P/E ratio of 111 mg/kcal. A lower but not a significantly different growth response was attained by fry on a 35% protein diet with a P/E ratio of 111 mg/kcal and a 30% protein diet with a P/E ratio of 100. Protein efficiency ratio was affected by the dietary protein level. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly influenced by the dietary protein level nor the P/E ratio. Carcass moisture content (%) was affected only by the P/E ratio. Carcass moisture content was directly related to the P/E ratio of the diets and was inversely related to the digestible energy (DE) level. Both protein level and P/E ratio significantly influenced carcass lipid content (%) on a dry matter basis but not the ash content. Carcass lipid (5) increased with increasing dietary protein and increasing DE levels of the diet, but decreased with increasing P/E ratio. Carcass protein content decreased significantly with the decrease of P/E ratio and increase of DE level of the diet. -
Article
Growth and body composition of juvenile mud crab, Scylla serrata, fed different dietary protein and lipid levels and protein to energy ratios.
-Aquaculture , 2002 - ElsevierThe effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels, and protein to energy (P/E) ratios on growth and body composition of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, was evaluated. Six practical test diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (32%, 40% and 48%) at two lipid levels (6% and 12%), each with P/E ratios ranging from 20.5 to 31.1 mg protein/kJ. Individual crabs were stocked in 36 units of 60-l tanks and maintained on a 40% protein diet until each molted (M0). Newly molted crabs were weighed and fed the test diets until termination at 30 days from the third molt (M3+30). Crabs were monitored daily and body weight (BW) taken after each molt, at intermolt and at termination. Average initial BW (11.18±0.66 g) was taken at 18 days after M0. Carapace width (CW) at M3+30 and of the exuviae (at molt 1, 2, and 3 or M1, M2 and M3), weight of exuviae (M1 to M3), feed conversion ratio or FCR, duration of intermolt, and total number of days of feeding test diets (M0 to M3+30) were determined. At the end of the study, crabs were freeze-dried for analysis of nutrients in the flesh, exoskeleton and fat body. The FCR (3.21–4.21), intermolt duration and total number of days of feeding test diets (111.3–131.2 days) were not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05). Analysis of covariance was used with CW at M1 and BW at M0+18 as covariates. CW in the 40% protein with 6% lipid or 40/6 diet (P/E ratio, 27.5 mg protein/kJ) did not increase when lipid was increased to 12% (40/12), and it was significantly wider than crabs fed the 48/6 and 48/12 diets (P/E ratios, 31.1 and 27.2 mg protein/kJ). CW and BW did not differ in the 40% and 32% protein diets and were not affected by dietary lipid level at every level of protein. Ca in the exoskeleton was lowest in the 32/6 diet, while exuviae weight was about one-fourth of BW. Crude fat in the lipid deposit of crabs fed 48% protein diets were low. Results showed that the mud crab, S. serrata, grow well when fed diets containing 32–40% dietary protein with either 6% or 12% lipid at dietary energy ranging from 14.7–17.6 MJ/kg. -
Article
Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels and protein to energy ratios on growth, survival and body composition of the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal 1775)
-Aquaculture Research , 2001 - Wiley-BlackwellThe approximate levels of dietary protein and energy that would sustain good growth and survival of the mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal) were determined in two feeding experiments. In the preliminary experiment, six fish meal-based diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (35%, 42.5% and 50%) and two lipid levels (6% and 12%) for each protein, with dietary energy ranging from 14.6 MJ kg−1 to 20.5 MJ kg−1. The protein to energy (P/E) ratios of diets ranged from 20.6 mg protein kJ−1 to 27.5 mg protein kJ−1. Diets were fed for 100 days to triplicate groups of snappers with an average initial weight of 24.8 ± 0.4 g. No significant interaction between different levels of protein and lipid was observed. Survival rates (93.8% to 100%), feed conversion ratios (FCR) (2.61–3.06) and condition factors (K) were not affected by different dietary treatments. Regardless of lipid level, fish fed 50% protein diets had a significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed the 35% protein diets, but not compared with the 42.5% diets (P < 0.05). Increasing lipid to 12% in all protein levels resulted in no improvement in growth over the 6% level. Fish body moisture did not vary while lipid levels based on dry matter were high (27.9% to 33.7%). Snapper appear to require more than 40% dietary protein and a high dietary energy level for good growth. In the second experiment, fish (21.1 ± 0.1 g) in four replicate groups were fed for 94 days with three diets (39%, 44% and 49% protein with P/E ratios of 21.1, 23.3 and 25.5 mg protein kJ−1 respectively) containing similar dietary energy levels of about 19 MJ kg−1. Average final weight, SGR and FCR were significantly higher in diets containing 44% and 49% protein diets (P > 0.05). There were no differences in survival rates, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nutrient composition of snapper flesh. All fish had fatty livers. Results indicated that the diet containing 44% protein with a P/E ratio of 23.3 mg protein kJ−1 was optimum for snapper growth under the experimental conditions used in the study.
