Acute lethal toxicity of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles under static exposure
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to assess the toxic effect and determine the lethal concentration of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles. Laboratory static bioassays were conducted to determine the 96-h LC50 of different concentrations of garlic (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mg L-1) on grouper juveniles (mean weight, 35.4±6.18 g and mean length, 13.2±0.51 cm). The 96-h LC50 was 74.78 mg L-1 with lower and upper confidence limits of 62.8 and 89.06 mg L-1, respectively. All fish exposed to 30 to 180 mg L-1 exhibited rapid movement, faster opercular activity and erratic swimming whereas at higher concentrations (90 mg L-1 to 180 mg L-1) fish showed additional behavioral changes such as loss of balance, lethargy, gulping for air and respiratory distress. Water quality parameters were within the recommended acceptable limits. This LC50 value can be used as a baseline reference to generate an effective concentration of garlic for future prophylaxis and treatment for parasitic, viral and bacterial infection in grouper.
Keywords
Allium sativum behavioral response grouper LC50Subjects
Garlic--Therapeutic use
Fishes--Mortality
Suggested Citation
Erazo-Pagador, G., Dumaran-Paciente, H. R., & Caloyloy, B. J. (2022). Acute lethal toxicity of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles under static exposure. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists , 42(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.38092
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Growth, plasma cortisol, liver and kidney histology, and resistance to vibriosis in brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus fed onion and ginger
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The health-promoting effects of dietary onion and ginger were studied in brown marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary onion and ginger on growth, cortisol levels, histology and disease resistance in the fish. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain either onion (2%), ginger (2%), β-glucan (1%) or vitamin C (3%) and a control diet (without immunostimulants). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish with an average weight of 10.85±0.69 g. Fish supplemented with either of the immunostimulants exhibited a significantly higher growth compared to the control group. Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were significantly higher in the onion and ginger-supplemented fish than the control. Cortisol level was higher in the control compared to the immunostimulant-fed groups with onion and ginger-fed fish showing significantly lower cortisol levels. When experimentally infected with Vibrio harveyi, fish fed onion or ginger exhibited significantly reduced mortality when compared with the control and β-glucan, but not when compared with the vitamin C-fed group. Liver sections sampled 4 days postinfection showed no remarkable pathology except for the slight reduction in glycogen granules in the supplement-fed fish. The liver of non-supplemented infected fish showed necrosis, fatty globule deposition, vacuolation, and presence of short rod-shaped bacteria. Kidney sections in the supplemented groups, likewise, did not show significant pathology similar to the uninfected control, whereas those of infected control fish showed necrosis of the tubules and glomeruli resulting in severely altered morphology of the tissues and presence of bacteria in the necrotic areas. As a result of circumventing tissue damage, wound healing was faster in fish supplemented with ginger, onion, and vitamin C compared to the β-glucan and the control groups. This study showed the benefits of onion and ginger in promoting growth and alleviating stress and severity of vibriosis in grouper.
