Feed ration for different sizes of wild and hatchery-bred milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal)
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Abstract
Intensified production of fish involves stocking at high densities and the use of artificial feeds. These practices result in eutrophication and environmental degradation mainly because of feed wastage and fish excreta. To minimize waste, the maximum amount of feed consumed by fish must be known. Food consumption and utilization, however, may vary with the size and physical condition of the fish. Milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal and some hatchery-produced fish, such as seabass Dicentrarchus labrax L. have been observed to have morphological defects that could affect normal food intake and utilization. Jaw abnormalities in hatchery-bred milkfish interfere with feeding and result in very slow growth. In the Philippines, milkfish fry for production in ponds and cages are caught from the wild or produced through artificial spawning. Studies have been conducted to estimate the feed ration for milkfish reared in brackish water ponds where natural food contributes significantly to the nutrition of the fish. In ponds and marine cages, where fish are largely dependent on artificial feeds, daily feed ration has to be estimated. This study determined the maximum feed ration for different sizes of wild and hatchery-bred milkfish based on assimilation of energy.
Suggested Citation
Sumagaysay, N. S. (1999). Feed ration for different sizes of wild and hatchery-bred milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal). Aquaculture Research , 30(10), 789-792. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00382.x
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ArticleISSN
1355-557XCollections
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(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2002)This chapter teaches the reader to: differentiate the different feeding strategies in pond culture; learn feeding management methods such as stock sampling and record keeping, calculating daily feed ration, choosing appropriate feed size, and methods of applying feeds; understand the impact of feeding management on water quality and environment and on the cultured animal’s growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio; and describe the different feeding schemes used to culture fishes (milkfish, tilapia, rabbitfish, bighead carp, native catfish, sea bass, orange-spotted grouper, and mangrove red snapper; and crustaceans (tiger shrimp and mud crab). Other species for aquaculture stock enhancement (donkey’s ear abalone, seahorses, window-pane oyster) are also discussed. -
Potential of feed pea (Pisum sativum) meal as a protein source in practical diets for milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal)
(Elsevier, 2003)A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the use of feed pea meal as a dietary protein source for juvenile milkfish. Six isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric (16.5 kJ/g) practical diets were formulated. The control diet contained fish meal, soybean meal, meat and bone meal and copra meal as principal protein sources. Feed pea meal was progressively substituted at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of total protein. A leading commercial milkfish feed was also tested as an additional control. The experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of milkfish fingerlings (mean initial weight of 0.42±0.01 g) at 10% body weight/day. Growth performance (expressed as percentage of weight gain and SGR), survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of milkfish fed diets with up to 10% substitution of the dietary protein with feed pea meal were not significantly different (P>0.05) compared to fish fed the control diet. Replacement with feed pea meal at 15% and higher levels led to milkfish fed these diets showing a significantly lower growth response compared to fish fed with the control without any feed pea meal. Nevertheless, it was observed that milkfish fed diets with up to 20% of total dietary protein substitution with feed pea meal showed better growth rates and feed conversion ratios than the commercial feed control. Whole body composition (crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extracts and ash content) of milkfish fed the various test diets was not significantly different. Apparent digestibility coefficients of feed pea meal and experimental diets in milkfish were also determined. Results indicate that feed pea meal is an acceptable protein source and can replace up to 20% of the total dietary protein in milkfish diets. -
A preliminary study on the purified test diet for young milkfish, Chanos chanos
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 1976)In studying the nutritional requirements of young milkfish experiments were conducted to develop a purified test diet. Mixtures of the purified constituents tested were: vitamin-free casein, vitamin-free gelatin, supplemented with L-tryptophan and L-cystine as the protein sources; shark liver oil and soybean oil as the far sources; and dextrin as the carbohydrate source. Mineral mixture and vitamin mixture were also added. The results showed that a test diet containing vitamin-free casein supplemented with L-tryptophan as the protein source, was best for the growth of young milkfish. Soybean oil was found to be a better source of fat. Vitamin mixture (4%) and mineral mixture (10%) were observed to promote growth in young milkfish. A purified test diet consisting of vitamin-free casein 60%, L-tryptophan 0.5%, soybean oil 10%, vitamin mixture 4%, mineral mixture 10%, carbohydrate and others 16% was thus suggested for young milkfish.
