Potential of feed pea (Pisum sativum) meal as a protein source in practical diets for milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal)
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A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the use of feed pea meal as a dietary protein source for juvenile milkfish. Six isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric (16.5 kJ/g) practical diets were formulated. The control diet contained fish meal, soybean meal, meat and bone meal and copra meal as principal protein sources. Feed pea meal was progressively substituted at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of total protein. A leading commercial milkfish feed was also tested as an additional control. The experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of milkfish fingerlings (mean initial weight of 0.42±0.01 g) at 10% body weight/day. Growth performance (expressed as percentage of weight gain and SGR), survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of milkfish fed diets with up to 10% substitution of the dietary protein with feed pea meal were not significantly different (P>0.05) compared to fish fed the control diet. Replacement with feed pea meal at 15% and higher levels led to milkfish fed these diets showing a significantly lower growth response compared to fish fed with the control without any feed pea meal. Nevertheless, it was observed that milkfish fed diets with up to 20% of total dietary protein substitution with feed pea meal showed better growth rates and feed conversion ratios than the commercial feed control. Whole body composition (crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extracts and ash content) of milkfish fed the various test diets was not significantly different. Apparent digestibility coefficients of feed pea meal and experimental diets in milkfish were also determined. Results indicate that feed pea meal is an acceptable protein source and can replace up to 20% of the total dietary protein in milkfish diets.
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Aquaculture feeds Alternative protein source Feed pea (Pisum sativum) Meal Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal)Suggested Citation
Borlongan, I. G., Eusebio, P. S., & Welsh, T. (2003). Potential of feed pea (Pisum sativum) meal as a protein source in practical diets for milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal). Aquaculture , 225(1-4), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00280-1
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Utilization of feed pea, Pisum sativum, meal as protein source in practical diets for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monodon
(Elsevier, 2003)The potential of feed pea meal as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in practical diets for the juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, was assessed in several experiments. Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 40% protein. Protein from the feed pea meal replaced 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of the protein from defatted soybean meal in the diets. These values were equivalent to 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, respectively, of the total protein in the diet. A negative control with no protein sources was added to the treatments. Twelve shrimp post-larvae with an average weight of 0.02±0.01 g were randomly assigned in thirty-five 60-l oval tanks equipped with a flow-through seawater system. The shrimp were fed the formulated diets at a daily feeding rate of 20–25% body weight for 90 days in five replicate samples. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of shrimp fed diets 0 up to the highest level of replacement. Weight gain of shrimp fed the negative control was, however, significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to the rest of the treatments. Specific growth rates (SGR) of shrimp showed likewise no significant differences among treatments except for the negative control. Survival of shrimp for all treatments ranged between 75% and 100%. The apparent dry matter (ADMD) and protein (APD) digestibilities of the dry feed pea in P. monodon were high at 73.38±4.98 and 92.74±2.62, respectively. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter and protein for the feed pea meal-based diets increased with increasing level of feed pea replacement. There were no significant differences in whole body composition (dry matter, protein, lipid, ash, fiber) of shrimp fed the various diets with feed pea replacement. Pellet water stability was similar for all diets even up to the highest level of replacement. The results have demonstrated that feed pea meal has a very good potential as a substitute protein source up to 100% of the protein from defatted soybean meal, which is equivalent to 25% of the total protein in the diet. An inclusion level of up to 42% in the juvenile shrimp P. monodon practical diet did not manifest any adverse effects on growth, feed intake, FCR, survival, body composition, and digestibility coefficients for dry matter and protein of the shrimp. -
Requirements of juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) for essential amino acids
(American Society for Nutrition, 1993)The dietary requirements of juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) for essential amino acids were determined in a series of experiments. The fish (< or = 8.0 g) were reared in fiber glass tanks provided with flow-through seawater at 28 degrees C and salinity of 32 g/L for 12 wk. In each experiment, a series of amino acid test diets was formulated containing a combination of intact protein sources (casein-gelatin, fish meal-gelatin, fish meal-soybean meal or fish meal-zein) and crystalline amino acids to simulate the levels found in milkfish tissue proteins except for the test amino acid. Each set of isonitrogenous diets contained 40-45% protein and graded levels of the amino acid to be tested. At the end of the feeding experiment, growth, survival and feed efficiency were determined. The requirement level for each essential amino acid was estimated from breakpoint analysis of the growth curve. The dietary essential amino acid requirements (as the percentage of dietary protein) of milkfish juveniles were as follows: arginine, 5.25; histidine, 2.00; isoleucine, 4.00; leucine, 5.11; lysine, 4.00; methionine, 2.50 (cystine, 0.75); phenylalanine, 4.22 (tyrosine, 1.00) or 2.80 (tyrosine, 2.67); threonine, 4.50; tryptophan, 0.60; valine, 3.55. This information is valuable in developing cost-effective practical or commercial feeds and research diets for milkfish juveniles. -
Leaf meals as protein sources in diets for milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal)
(Asian Fisheries Society, 1994)The protencial of partial replacement of fish meal protein with protein indigenous leaf meals in practical diets for milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) was studied. Five isocaloric (375 kcal/100 g diet), isonitrogenous (40% protein), and isolipidic (10%) diets were formulated to contain leaf meals from either swamp cabbage (kangkong, Ipomea reptans), sweet potato (kamote, Ipomea batatas), ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), and cassava (kamorng kahoy, Manihot esculenta), or a combination of swamp cabbage, sweet potato and cassava. The control diet contained fish meal and soybean meal as sources of protein while thw test diets contained fish meal, soybean meal, and leaf meals erplacing 15% of the fish meal protein. The protein sources were incorporated in levels that gives optimal essential amino acid patterns to the diets. Each diet was fed to reiplcate groups of fish (about 0.3 g) maintained at 20 ppt salinity and 29oC in a recirculating system for twelve weeks. Growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and survival of fish fed the diet contaning cassava leaf meal showed the best groth FCR, PER and survival. the data sugest that these leaf meals can be used to partially replace fish meal in a diet for juvenile milkfish if the requirments for essential amino acids are met.
