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Acute lethal toxicity of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles under static exposure
(European Association of Fish Pathologists, 2022-10-05)
The present study was carried out to assess the toxic effect and determine the lethal concentration of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles. Laboratory static bioassays were conducted to determine the 96-h LC<sub>50</sub> of different concentrations of garlic (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) on grouper juveniles (mean weight, 35.4±6.18 g and mean length, 13.2±0.51 cm). The 96-h LC<sub>50</sub> was 74.78 mg L<sup>-1</sup> with lower and upper confidence limits of 62.8 and 89.06 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. All fish exposed to 30 to 180 mg L<sup>-1</sup> exhibited rapid movement, faster opercular activity and erratic swimming whereas at higher concentrations (90 mg L<sup>-1</sup> to 180 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) fish showed additional behavioral changes such as loss of balance, lethargy, gulping for air and respiratory distress. Water quality parameters were within the recommended acceptable limits. This LC<sub>50</sub> value can be used as a baseline reference to generate an effective concentration of garlic for future prophylaxis and treatment for parasitic, viral and bacterial infection in grouper....
Behavior changes and \(\mathsf{LC_{50}}\) of dried garlic (Allium sativum) acute toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile
(College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 2023-06)
Plant-based compounds are emerging substitutes for chemical treatments in aquaculture since they are known to cause less harm to both the environment and its organisms. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a popular herb that has a broad range of uses, especially in the control and treatment of bacterial and parasitic diseases. However, its toxicity to tilapia is not well-studied. Hence, this study was conducted to test the toxicity levels of garlic powder in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by determining the cumulative mortality and median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>). Test fish were exposed through immersion in 6 concentrations (150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) of garlic powder with 25% allicin and a control in 96 h static bioassay. Within 24 h, test fish exposed to 250 mg L<sup>-1</sup> garlic and above, exhibited abnormal behaviors such as lethargy, gasping for air, and weak responses to environmental stimuli. Cumulative mortality was highest at 100% in 400 mg L<sup>-1</sup> garlic at 48 h. Mortalities were dependent on the concentration and duration of exposure. The 96 h LC<sub>50</sub> of garlic powder to O. niloticus is 225.86 mg L<sup>-1</sup> with lower and upper confidence limits of 210.37 and 242.50 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively at 27°C....