The essential nutrients: Lipids and fatty acids
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Abstract
The objective of this section is to acquaint the reader about common fatty acids, their nomenclature and formulas, and differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; to know how environmental factors (temperature, salinity, diet) influence the fatty acid composition of fish; the mechanisms of fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidation, and factors that favor fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidation; the effects of lipid peroxidation and the function of antioxidants; and to understand the importance of fatty acid profiles in fish nutrition, and differences in the essential fatty acid requirements of warmwater and coldwater fishes.
Suggested Citation
Millamena, O. M. (2002). The essential nutrients: Lipids and fatty acids. In O. M. Millamena, R. M. Coloso, & F. P. Pascual (Eds.), Nutrition in Tropical Aquaculture: Essentials of fish nutrition, feeds, and feeding of tropical aquatic species (pp. 21–32). Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
Contents
- Introduction
- Types of lipids
- General function of lipids
- Fatty acids
- Structure and classification
- Nomenclature
- Fatty acid composition of fish
- Biosynthesis of fatty acids
- Oxidation of fatty acids
- Lipid peroxidation
- Importance of fatty acid profiles in fish nutrition
- Essential Fatty Acid Requirements of Fish
- Guide questions
Type
Book chapterISBN
971851158XRelated items
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Evaluation of dietary freeze-dried Chaetoceros calcitrans supplementation to control Vibrio harveyi infection on Penaeus monodon juvenile
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The essential fatty acid requirement of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal)
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Developmental historicity and saccharide heterotrophy of Schizochytrium sp. OT01: Implication of docosahexaenoic acid production for biotechnological applications
Batbatan, Christopher; Hepowit, Nathaniel ; (Rushing Water Publishers, 2011)
Thraustochytrids have been targeted worldwide in search of highly oleaginous strains for industrial applications and newly collected holotypes are described based on life cycle developmental history and saccharide heterotrophy. Schizochytrium sp. OT01, a novel thraustochytrid protist from Panay, Philippines, distinguished from other reported strains by its asexual reproductive history - including the successive binary division of vegetative cells forming tetrads or octads, granular maturation of thalli into zoosporangia liberating heterokont motile zoospores and transformation of spheroidal thalli into amoeboid cells. Live-cell differential imaging and electron micrographs support its distinctive morphological features, such as hair-like pseudopodial astrals along hyaline margins of mature limaciform amoeboids and in motile zoospores prior to heterokont flagellum elongation. Moreover, its heterotrophic culture on certain saccharides (glucose, fructose, cellobiose, sucrose and starch) in continuously agitated fermentation condition was further investigated to determine hydrocarbon assimilative profiles as deduced from biomass yield and polyunsaturated fatty acid production. Increasing biomass yield was observed in increasing concentrations of saccharides; however, aside from glucose and fructose, a graphical drop of biomass was apparent beyond 15 gL, implying osmotic stress at these levels. Maximum biomass yield was observed at 30 gL- glucose and fructose concentration, reaching to about 6 g/l as expressed in freeze-dried weight of harvested cells, which indicates that OT01 could efficiently absorb and metabolize glucose and fructose compared to other hydrocarbons with relatively greater molecular weights. Even though biomass yield amounts were relatively low in cellobiose, sucrose and starch; however, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in total fatty acids was relatively higher, amounting to 45.23, 46.25 and 48.86%, respectively. Moreover, oleagineity levels in glucose and fructose were highest, with lipid yield amounting to 655.55 and 609.38 mg, respectively, in every gram of freeze-dried weight cells. Consequently, DHA yield was significantly higher in both glucose and fructose, reaching respectively to 492.04 and 478.18 mg per liter of nutrient broth, which indicates higher absorption and metabolism efficiency of monosaccharides into fatty acids.
