The essential nutrients: Vitamins
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This section describes the various lipid-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, their differences, physiological functions, and the symptoms of vitamin deficiencies in fish. It also shows a summary of nutritional deficiency signs and the requirements of various fish species for vitamins.
Suggested Citation
Millamena, O. M. (2002). The essential nutrients: Vitamins. In O. M. Millamena, R. M. Coloso, & F. P. Pascual (Eds.), Nutrition in Tropical Aquaculture: Essentials of fish nutrition, feeds, and feeding of tropical aquatic species (pp. 45–56). Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
Contents
- Introduction
- Classification of vitamins
- Water-soluble vitamins
- Lipid-soluble vitamins
- Vitamin requirements of fish
- Guide questions
Type
Book chapterISBN
971851158XRelated items
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Interactive effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on growth performance, fatty acid composition and reduction of oxidative stress in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed dietary oxidized fish oil
; ; ; ; Mamauag, Roger Edward
(Elsevier, 2014)
A study was conducted to determine the interactive effects of vitamin C (VC) and E (VE) supplementation on growth, fatty acid composition and oxidative status of Japanese flounder juveniles. Fish (initial average body weight of 1.1 ± 0.1 g) in triplicate were fed five test diets for 60 days. Control diet contained fresh fish oil (FFO, 8.9 meq/kg) with 100 mg α-tocopherol (α-Toc) equivalents/kg of VE and 500 mg ascorbic acid (AsA) equivalents/kg of VC (FFO100E/500C). The other four diets contained oxidized fish oil (OFO, 167.8 meq/kg) with varying levels of VE (mg/kg) and VC (mg/kg) (OFO100E/500C, OFO200E/500C, OFO100E/1000C and OFO200E/1000C). Fish fed FFO100E/500C and OFO100E/500C had no differences in body weight gain (BWG). However, fish fed OFO200E/1000C diet had a significantly lower BWG than FFO100E/500C. Fish fed OFO200E/500C and OFO100E/1000C showed no differences in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values compared with FFO100E/500C. Increasing the levels of VC and VE supplementation increased liver AsA and α-Toc contents, respectively. Liver α-Toc content was significantly increased with incremental dietary VC levels, indicating a sparing effect of VC on liver α-Toc content of fish. Increasing the levels of dietary VC and VE supplementations decreased concentrations of 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in fish liver. Fish fed OFO100E/500C and OFO200E/1000C diets showed higher oxidative stress condition than those fed FFO100E/500C. In conclusion, dietary VC and VE supplementation could maintain normal growth and health condition of juvenile Japanese flounder fed OFO. However, high doses of both vitamin supplements induced fish lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress condition. -
Milkfish, Chanos chanos
(CAB International Publishing, 2002)This chapter reviews information on nutrient requirements, feeds and feeding practices of milkfish. -
Dietary onion and ginger enhance growth, hemato-immunological responses, and disease resistance in brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
; Amar, Edgar C.; Faisan, Joseph P., Jr. ; Pakingking, Rolando V., Jr. ; (Bioflux, 2012)
A 12-week (September to December 2009) feeding trial was conducted to evaluate theimmunostimulatory effects of different substances administered orally through the diet in the brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Five experimental diets containing either onion, ginger, β–glucan, or vitamin C and a control diet (without immunostimulants) were fed to the fish weighing about 44 g for 12 weeks. Onion-fed fish showed significantly increased weight gain, hematocrit, and total Ig compared to the control group; however, leukocyte differential count and ROS production were unaffected. Ginger-fed fish likewise significantly increased total Ig, ROS production and lysozyme activity. However, it did not affect growth and hematocrit value. β-glucan significantly increased growth and total Ig but had no effect on the other parameters. Vitamin C significantly increased hematocrit, total Ig and ROS production but did not increase growth. Upon challenge with a bacterial pathogen Vibrio harveyi, mortality was significantly reduced in the onion, ginger and vitamin C-fed fish but not in the β–glucan-fed fish. This study demonstrated that onion and ginger could positively affect the innate immune responses and protect grouper against Vibrio harveyi infection.
