Serum gonadotropin (GtH) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in adult regressed milkfish injected or implanted with various doses of salmon pituitary homogenate (SPH). Gonadotropin profiles of injected or implanted milkfish show similar trends. Elevation of serum GtH occurred a day after treatment in all groups irrespective of the administered dose. The level dropped after 2 or 3 days and in the implanted fish, was at the initial level 10 days after treatment. The expected slow and sustained release of hormone from the SPH pellet was not obtained even at the high dose given. A preliminary investigation of the milkfish pituitary homogenate using the salmon-GtH-RIA system shows no cross reaction of milkfish GtH with salmon GtH antibody, indicating that the milkfish and salmon gonadotropins are immunologically distinct molecules.

The influx and transepithelial movements of glucose and their effects on the electrophysiology and Na transport in upper and lower intestines of the herbivorous surgeonfish, Acanthurus mata , and carnivorous eel, Gymnothorax undulatus , were measured. The K t G and J max G of glucose influx into the tissues were higher in the surgeonfish upper intestine than in the surgeonfish lower intestine or in both segments of the eel intestine. A prominent diffusion-like transport component was also measured in all four segments during influx experiments. Net transepithelial glucose fluxes (0.05 mM) were greater in eel intestine than in those of the surgeonfish largely due to an apparent lower apical membrane permeability of the former coincident with reduced backflux of glucose from epithelium to lumen. All four stripped intestinal segments exhibited non-significant (from zero; P >0.05) or small, serosa-negative transepithelial potential differences (-0.1 to -2.2 mV), and low transepithelial resistances (40–88 O cm -2 ). Each tissue displayed significant ( P P >0.05) change the transepithelial resistance, but did induce a significant ( P J net Na with added luminal glucose, these increased net cation fluxes were not quite significant ( P >0.05). It is concluded that coupled Na-glucose transport occurs in these tissues, but that metabolic enhancement of unrelated current-generating mechanisms also takes place and may modify depolarizing effects of organic solute transfer.

Penaeus monodon juveniles (average weight = 1.32 g) were kept in individual 2 l perforated plastic containers, 10 of which were placed in each of the twenty-four 50 l rectangular wooden-glass aquaria supplied with seawater filtered through a sand-gravel filter (32–34 ppt; 26.5–29.0°C; pH, 7.6–8.2) at 0.8–1.01 l/min. Eight diets were prepared containing 25–60% protein and fed at 10% of the body weight/day for the first 2 weeks and 8% for the succeeding 4 weeks. Shrimps fed the 40% protein diet produced the best growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and survival rate. However, shrimps fed the 30, 35 and 45% protein diets produced comparable results. The protein content of the shrimps was directly related to the level of protein diet up to 50%; whereas fat content seemed to be inversely related up to 50% protein diet.

The sensitivity of Lagenidium spp. isolated from Penaeus monodon and Scylla serrata to 34 antimycotic compounds was determined. Mycostatic effects were evaluated from observations of chemicals on the development of vesicles, zoospores and mycelial growth and on these bases three classes of mycostatic effect were recognized. Zoospores were inhibited by < 1 mg/1 of clotrimazole, crystal violet, econazole nitrate, malachite green, treflan and trifluralin; 1-5 mg/1 of benzalkonium chloride, daconil, domestic detergent, basic fuchsin and furanace; and 10-50 mg/1 benlate, formalin, griseofulvin, phenol and potassium permanganate. Variable mycostatic levels, however, were exhibited with copper sulphate, 2,4-D, hydrogen peroxide, methylene blue, pimaricin, resiguard and tolnaftate while amphotericin, iodine, nystatin, triacetin, boric acid, fungitox and PVP-iodine proved to be poor antifungal agents.

In euthrophic Frederiksborg Castle Lake, Berg & Nygaard were the first to study vertical migration. They obtained water samples at various time intervals over several days and concluded that the bulk of the population of the zooplankton they were studying shifted from one depth to another. D. cucculata and E. graciloides are the two most dominant zooplankters in Frederiksborg Castle Lake. The vertical migration of these species was studied, and the observations are reported in this paper.

The enzyme L-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate sulfohydrolase (C2 sulfatase) was purified from rainbow trout liver. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate and has a pH optimum at 6.0. It has a molecular weight of about 117,500 at pH 5.0 and is inhibited by a number of sulfhydryl blocking agents including L-ascorbic acid. C2 sulfatase activity was observed in most metabolic organs of rainbow trout. These findings suggest that the physiologic role of the enzyme is to maintain adequate cellular concentrations of L-ascorbic acid in the fish. The activity of the enzyme is controlled by L-ascorbic acid through feedback inhibition. Comparison of kinetic constants and inhibition patterns suggests that C2 sulfatase is structurally identical to human arylsulfatase A. However, unlike C2 sulfatase, human arylsulfatase A may not be involved in ascorbate metabolism. Its physiologic substrate is reported to be cerebroside-3-sulfate, not L-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate. A scheme is proposed to account for the functional divergence of these two structurally identical enzymes.

Different stages of the white prawn, Penaeus merguiensis de Man, were examined for microsporidian infection. The parasite was found only in adult female prawns exhibiting white instead of the normal olive-green ovaries. Non-germinal tissues were not infected. Spores found in the digestive tract, abdominal muscles, hepatopancreas, heart and gills were extracellular in location and did not have any histopathologic effect on these organs.

Quantitative determination of the algal population, in terms of cells/ml and biomass/ml, was conducted during the first month of growing P. monodon postlarvae in Laguna Lake. Algae were sampled from each side of net cages at depths of 15, 30 and 45 cm below the water surface. Accumulation of algae appeared to be influenced by the direction of water flow. Moreover, growth of algal species was inversely proportional to depth of water. After two weeks, algal biomass was estimated to reach 4.5 kg per cage (1 x 1 x 1 m). Diatoms (Chrysophyta) predominated throughout the experimental period followed by members of Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta.

Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was done to determine the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme patterns for fry (5-3 mg), fingerling (6-12 g), pond-size (150-250 g) and adult (6-9 kg) milkfish. The patterns were tissue specific; the different tissues examined, viz., eye, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle had different expressions of LDH isozymes. The resolved patterns appeared to be products of LDH gene loci A, B, and C. Subunits A and B were present in all tissues. A₄ and B₄ were predominant in skeletal and heart muscle, respectively; the two associated non-randomly in vivo and formed only the heteropolymers A₃B and AB₃. A liver band, L₄, was most conspicuous in the fingerling, pond-size, and adult; it was assumed to be coded by locus C. A negatively charged band, X₄, was detected in fully developed ovary and in fry homogenized as whole individuals, but it could not be resolved in tissues of fingerling. Six-mo old stunts and 3-mo old fingerlings had similar LDH patterns for all tissues examined. The patterns for 11-mo old stunts and fingerlings also were similar but the one for the eye of the former was the same pattern resolved for the eye of adults. There was no change in the LDH isozyme patterns of milk fish stunted for 6 mo under different salinity levels (0-5, 15-20, 32-35 ppt).

Diagnostic features for the identification of postlarval Penaeus found in the shore waters of the Philippines are described and categorized based on specimens caught from the wild and those hatched and reared in the laboratory. Differentiating features for postlarval Penaeus are given which include the relative length of the antennular flagellum, the shape of the rostrum and number of rostral teeth, the antennal spine, the spinules on the dorsal caina of the sixth abdominal segment, and chromatophore patterns. Postlarval Penaeus were classified into two species and two groups as follows: (1) P. monodon, larger in size with dense chromatophores, and the long inner antennular flagellum being more than 2.0 times the outer antennular flagellum; (2) P. semisulcatus, the inner flagellum being 1.6 to 2.0 times the outer antennular flagellum, the the absence of chromatophore on the middle portion of the telson and uropods; (3) P. merguiensis group, less pigmented, the inner flagellum being less than 1.6 times the outer flagellum and (4) P. japonicus group, a short rostum, presence of spinules on the dorsal carina of the sixth abdominal segment, and dense chromatophores. The determinations were confirmed by rearing experiments.