Growth performance, production and economic viability of Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards) fed with varying dietary protein levels
Share
Abstract
The growth efficiency, productivity and economic viability of Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) fed with diet containing 40% (CPhigh) and 34% (CPlow) crude protein (CP) levels were determined in a 90-day grow-out culture trial. Growth parameters including average body weight (ABW), specific growth rate (SGR), survival and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not statistically different. CPlow had lower overall shrimp production (797.53 kg/ha, DOC 90), but was not significantly different from CPhigh (843.78 kg/ha, DOC 90). The mean values for the water parameters of both treatments, such as DO, pH, salinity, temperature, TAN, NO2-N, NO3-N and PO4-P, also showed no significant differences. However, the TAN values of CPhigh were consistently higher from day of culture (DOC) 63 and increased significantly (p = .048) at DOC 90. Furthermore, the total bacterial and Vibrio counts in both treatments were not significant throughout the culture period. The economic analysis revealed that CPlow obtained higher net profits (6093 USD/ha/year), return on investment (72%) and discounted benefit–cost ratio (1.73). The current study found that feeding a low protein diet to P. indicus is economically viable and profitable and results in improved growth efficiency and productivity while also improving water quality and lowering nitrogen discharge.
Suggested Citation
Estante-Superio, E., Santander-Avancena, S., de la Peña, L. D., Garibay, E. S., Gardoce, R. S., & Dayrit, R. (2022). Growth performance, production and economic viability of Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards) fed with varying dietary protein levels. Aquaculture Research , 53(4), 1563-1572. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15691
Type
ArticleISSN
1355-557X; 1365-2109Collections
- Journal Articles [1266]
Related items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
-
Use of plant protein sources in aquafeed for high value marine species in ASEAN member states
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2015)Cultured marine aquatic species are predominantly carnivorous. Major species in the region are seabass, grouper, snapper, tiger shrimp, mangrove crab and abalone. These species, except for abalone, require a high level of dietary protein mostly supplied by marine sources such as fish meal. Global production of marine fish and marine shrimps showed a 3-4 fold increase from 1995 to 2010. For the same period, the usage of commercial feed for production of marine fish and shrimps increased while the fish meal portion in the formulation decreased. This is indicative of fish meal being substituted with alternative sources in commercial feed production, and to some extent the substitution of marine oil which particularly improved the FCR for the marine fish production from 2.0 to 1.9 and for marine shrimps from 2.0 to 1.6. Plant products that include cereal grains, legumes and oilseeds have the most potential among the alternative ingredients for use in aquafeed. The use of these resources for high value marine species is limited due to a variety of anti-nutritional substances they contain. Removal of these substances by processing techniques has improved utilization but with added cost. Hence, fish meal is still the primary source of protein for marine carnivores and its substitution with higher amounts of alternative plant proteins may be difficult compared with lower levels of replacements. The Asian region has accounted for the more than 50% of the total global aquaculture production in 2012 with indications of increased utilization of alternative protein sources in commercial feed production. For the major marine species in the region the increasing trend of plant protein usage with the targeted levels of substitution of fish meal with plant protein sources should be sustainable. -
Research on nutrition and feed development at SEAFDEC/AQD
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 1993)The Feed Development Section at SEAFDEC/AQD conducts research on the nutritional requirements and the development of costeffective practical diets for regionally important fishes (milkfish, tilapia, carp, and sea bass) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Macronutrient requirements for protein, lipid, carbohydrate, energy, and optimum dietary protein to energy ratio have been defined. Essential fatty acids required by each species have been identified. Requirement levels for the ten essential amino acids in milkfish and tilapia have been established. In shrimp, requirements for other essential nutrients like phospholipid and cholesterol are known. Dietary calcium and phosphorous requirements of shrimp have been determined. Requirement for water-soluble vitamins and bioavailability of stable forms of vitamin C are being evaluated. However, much work remains to be done on the vitamin and mineral requirements of cultured species. The major digestive enzymes, proteases, carbohydrases, and lipases in milkfish have been studied. Further, the apparent digestibility of commonly used feedstuffs were determined in-vivo and in-vitro for milkfish, and presently, for shrimp and sea bass. In diet development, the formulation of supplemental grow-out feeds from inexpensive indigenous materials has been emphasized. Likewise, artificial diets for larvae and broodstock are being developed. Effects of feed additives like chemo-attractants and antioxidants were studied. In addition, studies on feed and feedstuff quality control and application of proper processing techniques are being pursued. At present, there are supplemental grow-out diets for the fishes that are commercially viable. Diets for all life stages (grow-out, larval, and broodstock) of shrimp are available. Improvement of these diets will continue as more information on the nutrient requirements are known. -
FAO policies and initiatives promoting responsible and efficient use of feed ingredients from marine animal origin
(Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2015)After rapid development for three decades, aquaculture has become the most important source of food fish in Asia, which currently supplies about 55 per cent of food fish for the people. The rapid growth of aquaculture production has been largely the result of intensification of aquaculture, which heavily relies on artificial feeding. The development of shrimp and high value marine and inland finfish culture has greatly increased the demand for feed ingredients from animal sources, particularly fish meal and fish oil and low value fish as direct feed. Due to various factors, the production of fish meal from whole fish has, overall, declined gradually since 2005 despite some fluctuations. This decrease has been only partly offset by a growing share of fish meal production obtained from fishery by-products. In contrast, the overall demand for fish meal continued to grow, pushing prices to historic high at US$1,919 per mt in January 2013, with an increase of 206 percent between January 2005 and January 2013. The soaring price of fish meal and fish oil has significantly affected the economic return from farm production that relies on the feed with high content of fish meal and fish oil or direct use of low value fish as feed. Furthermore, the increasing use of fish meal and fish oil from whole fish that can be direct source of animal food for people has raised major public concerns. Due to the population and economic growth, it is projected that in 2030 the Asia-Pacific region will need to increase fish production by 30 million mt, mainly through aquaculture. With the on-going process of aquaculture intensification and potential increase of high value commodities that require high protein in feed, it is anticipated that demand of Asian aquaculture for feed ingredients, particularly the protein source, will continue to increase. With the stagnant capture fish production and potentially more production to be directed for direct consumption by people, there will be a gap between the demand for feed ingredients and the supply of traditional sources such as fish meal, fish oil and fresh/frozen low value fish. How effectively the gap can be filled might determine the future of the aquaculture industry and whether the increasing demand of people for fish can be met effectively. Therefore, responsible and effective use of feed ingredients from animal sources of marine origin is the key to achieve sustainable growth of aquaculture for food security and nutrition, livelihood development and economic growth in the region. This paper provides a global and regional picture of use of marine origin animal feed and feed ingredients in aquaculture. It also briefly discussed major issues on the use of marine origin animal feed and feed ingredients in aquaculture. It briefly introduced the FAO policy and its global and regional initiatives that promote responsible and efficient use of feed ingredients from marine animal origin.
