A practical guide to feeds and feed management for cultured groupers
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2005Page views
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Abstract
Farming of groupers (members of the Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae) is widely practiced in Asia. Groupers are carnivorous and consequently prefer feeds high in fish protein. Most farms in Asia still rely on what is commonly termed "trash fish". Despite the apparent abundance and availability of "trash" fish in many areas, there are some issues and problems related to its use in fish farming.
To provide farmers with a viable alternative to feeding trash fish to grouper, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) supported project FIS/97/73 Improved hatchery and grow-out technology for grouper aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific region from 1999 to 2002, with one component to develop formulated feed for grouper aquaculture. The experiences of the project have been synthesized into this Practical Guide to Feeds and Feed Management for Cultured Groupers to promote the use of formulated feeds; promote reduction in the use of trash fish in grouper aquaculture; and to assist farmers in making more efficient use of feeds and feed resources.
This guide explores new and better farming practices making use of formulated feeds, as well as technical aspects of feed storage and quality control, management of feeding including weaning of groupers onto formulated feeds and economic considerations.
Subjects
Feeds--Storage
Suggested Citation
Sim, S.-Y., Rimmer, M. A., Williams, K., Toledo, J. D., Sugama, K., Rumengan, I., & Phillips, M. J. (2005). A practical guide to feeds and feed management for cultured groupers. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific.
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BookISBN
9739305310Format
vi, 18 pages : color illustrations.
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- Books and Book Chapters [123]
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Use of soybean meal and rice bran in formulated diets for the grouper Epinephelus coioides
(Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, 2007)Two diets were formulated to include 8–14% soybean meal and 9–18% rice bran, 34–40% fish meal, 4–5% mussel meal, and 7–8% Acetes shrimp meal, and 11–13% cod liver oil. Soy bean meal and rice bran were included at 4:1 ratio together to replace 12.5% and 25% of the animal protein sources in the two diets. The two diets were prepared in dry D form and moist M form. The four test diets, D12.5, M12.5, D25, and M25 diets had 40–42% protein and 4,000 kcal/g gross energy. The control diet used was a dry diet with 44% crude protein and 4,260 kcal/g, made with 30% Peruvian fish meal, 8% squid meal, 22% Acetes shrimp meal, 8% cod liver oil, 8% soybean oil, but no plant protein sources. The five diets were fed to juvenile grouper (mean weights ranging from 1.63 ± 0.47 to 2.41 ± 0.91 g) in indoor 400 L concrete tanks (10 fish per tank). After 10 weeks, growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratios (1.2–2.2), and survival (60–80%) of juvenile grouper were not significantly different between the test diets and the control. The carcass composition of the harvested grouper was not significantly different among diets. Protein utilization was best among the fish fed the test diet D12.5. This study showed that soybean meal and rice bran at 4:1 ratio can be included in formulated diets for grouper to replace 12.5% to 25% of the animal protein sources. However, the results for the test diets may also have been due to other factors - the high fish meal content, inclusion of mussel meal, and increase in cod liver oil. -
Growth and yield of the grouper Epinephelus coioides fed 'trash fish' at different rates and frequencies in floating net cages
(Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, 2007)The effects of various feeding rates and frequencies on the growth and survival of orangespotted grouper Epinephelus coides were determined in floating net cages in Tiniguiban Cove, Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Juveniles (average weight 60 g) were stocked in 2 m x 2 m x 1.5 m cages at a density of 10/m3. The experiment tested six treatments: 10% of body weight (BW) daily; 5% BW daily; ad libitum daily; 10% BW every other day; 5% BW every other day; and ad libitum every other day. After five months, the fish fed at 10% daily had 100% survival and the highest weight gain (520 g), growth rate (3.5 g/d), net production (31.44 kg), and gross income (P5,463). However, returns were negative in all treatments because of either too high feed consumption and poor conversion or low net production. -
Evaluation of some terrestrial proteins in complete diets for grouper (Epinephelus coioides) juveniles
; ; Mamauag, Roger Edward
(Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 2004)
This study was undertaken to determine the nutritive value of some of the more widely available protein sources in the diets for grouper juveniles, based on apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (ADMD) and crude protein (APD), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival. A series of feeding experiments were conducted to determine the growth performance of grouper juveniles. Test diets were formulated for growth (4 replications/treatment) and digestibility experiments (3 replications/treatment). Each diet contained a test ingredient: white fish meal, white cowpea meal and ipil-ipil leaf meal (experiment 1); local meat and bone meal, soya protein concentrates and meat solubles (experiment 2); and imported meal and bone meal, blood meal and maize gluten meal (experiment 3). A feeding trial for each experiment was conducted for 85 days in a flow-through system with filtered and aerated seawater. 10 and 20 juveniles were stocked in each of 60- and 250-litre fibreglass tanks, respectively. White cowpea meal (20.5% incorporation), local (16% incorporation) and imported (19% incorporation) meat and bone meals could partially replace fish meal in the diets for grouper juveniles without affecting their growth. Low ADMD and APD values for the processed feed ingredients (meat and bone meal, soya protein concentrates and blood meal-based diets) could be associated with the processing methods used in its preparation, which could damage the amino acids and contribute to low nitrogen digestibility. Apparent digestibility coefficients and growth could be used as indicators of the nutritional value of the feed ingredients. However, the availability and optimal balance of amino acids must also be considered.
