Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.

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  Mangroves and community aquaculture 

  Unknown author (Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2000)

  Describes the efforts of AQD to raise mudcrab in pens in mangrove areas in Palawan and Aklan with the participation of local communities.
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  Philippine mangroves: status, threats and sustainable development 

  Primavera, Jurgenne (United Nations University Press, 2004)

  The status of the Philippine mangroves is examined, the functions of mangrove areas are highlighted, the threats to mangrove resources are identified, and the prospects for sustainable use are discussed. The Philippines harbour 39 species of true mangroves belonging to the following genera: Acanthus, Camptostemon, Lumnitzera, Excoecaria, Pemphis, Xylocarpus, Aegiceras, Osbornia, Nypa, Aegialitis, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Rhizophora, Scyphiphora, and Sonneratia. The fauna is equally diverse. Apart from fish and shrimp, other animals collected from mangroves are crabs and lobsters, bivalve and gastropod molluscs, and other invertebrates. Mangrove services include coastal protection, erosion control, sediment stabilization, flood regulation, nutrient supply and regeneration, waste treatment, and wildlife habitats. Mangroves could be valuated at around 10,000 US$/ha/year. As elsewhere, it can be expected that the net present value is highest if the mangrove cover is maintained. The decline of mangroves from about 500,000 ha in 1918 to only 120,500 ha in 1994 was caused by overexploitation by coastal dwellers and to conversion to settlements, agriculture, aquaculture, salt pans, and industry. The remaining mangroves should be conserved. It is recommended to establish the following zones: (1) protected forest; (2) productive forest; (3) reforestation areas; and (4) conversion areas.
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  A review of mangrove rehabilitation in the Philippines: successes, failures and future prospects 

  Primavera, Jurgenne ; Esteban, J. M. A. (Springer, 2008)

  From half a million hectares at the turn of the century, Philippine mangroves have declined to only 120,000 ha while fish/shrimp culture ponds have increased to 232,000 ha. Mangrove replanting programs have thus been popular, from community initiatives (1930s-1950s) to government-sponsored projects (1970s) to large-scale international development assistance programs (1980s to present). Planting costs escalated from less than US$100 to over $500/ha, with half of the latter amount allocated to administration, supervision and project management. Despite heavy funds for massive rehabilitation of mangrove forests over the last two decades, the long-term survival rates of mangroves are generally low at 10-20%. Poor survival can be mainly traced to two factors: inappropriate species and sites selection. The favored but unsuitable Rhizophora are planted in sandy substrates of exposed coastlines instead of the natural colonizers Avicennia and Sonneratia. More significantly, planting sites are generally in the lower intertidal to subtidal zones where mangroves do not thrive rather than the optimal middle to upper intertidal levels, for a simple reason. Such ideal sites have long been converted to brackishwater fishponds whereas the former are open access areas with no ownership problems. The issue of pond ownership may be complex and difficult, but such should not outweigh ecological requirements: mangroves should be planted where fishponds are, not on seagrass beds and tidal flats where they never existed. This paper reviews eight mangrove initiatives in the Philippines and evaluates the biophysical and institutional factors behind success or failure. The authors recommend specific protocols (among them pushing for a 4:1 mangrove to pond ratio recommended for a healthy ecosystem) and wider policy directions to make mangrove rehabilitation in the country more effective.